Table 2

Conceptual mapping of the four well-being dimensions against the perceived stress scale and burnout assessment tool

DimensionRelevant PSS itemsRelevant BAT itemsIdentified gaps
Psychological resiliencePSS indirectly measures coping and self-efficacy: PSS-4 (confidence in handling problems), PSS-5 (things going your way), PSS-7 (controlling irritations), PSS-8 (feeling on top of things)Indirectly reflected in exhaustion and emotional impairment (as signs of low resilience)Neither instrument measures resilience as a positive capacity. No items on coping, adaptability, or self-regulation in digital contexts
Social interactionsNot addressed (PSS is individual-focused)Not addressed (focuses on individual burnout symptoms)No coverage of collegial relationships, peer support, online/offline connectedness, or digital isolation. Requires new items on social ties and sense of community in digital settings
Digital work satisfactionPSS indirectly measures work satisfaction (not digital specific): PSS-2 (control over important things) and PSS-6 (inability to cope with all tasks). It captures overload, but not satisfactionIndirectly reflected in cognitive/emotional impairmentNo items on satisfaction with digital tasks or the organization and manageability of digitally mediated workloads
Perceived institutional supportNot represented in any PSS itemNot represented in any BAT itemNo items capture institutional support
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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