| Mechanism of Action | Risk Perception | Health warnings typically increase consumers’ perceived health risks | Can environmental warnings in car advertisements enhance risk perception? As direct personal health risks are more likely to trigger behavioural change (Rogers et al., 1977), can automotive warnings further enhance perceived risk by integrating health and environmental messages (Jacobs et al., 2018), i.e. by emphasising personal relevance (e.g. air pollution causing respiratory disease)? |
| Attitudes, Cognition and Behavioural Intentions | Health warnings often trigger intentions to quit smoking or reduce alcohol consumption | Can car warnings reduce the intention to buy and use a private car? |
| Visual Attention | Most health warnings trigger visual attention. Different design elements of health warnings, for example, format (text vs. images), framing, size, colour, etc.) elicit varying levels of visual attention | Examining the effects of text versus image warnings, gain-framed versus loss-framed information on visual attention and their combinations |
| Actual Behavioural Change | Health warnings have contributed to lower smoking rates in some regions | Could car warnings reduce consumer use and ownership of private cars? |
| Regulatory Framework | Mandatory government regulations with strict enforcement, well-established over years | At an early stage of implementation and exploration. Countries with mandatory car warnings: France, Ireland. Car warnings will probably be more aligned with health warnings. Future research on this subject will facilitate the improvement of relevant regulations |