CTR = (highest #roles by one... | Emerald Publishing

CTR = (highest #roles by one organization/total #roles performed) x private sector coverage
This is the ratio of the highest number of whistleblowing handling roles taken up by a single governmental actor, per the total number of roles performed in that nation, taking into account the scope of that the organization’s mandate.
As measure for civil society engagement, we use:

ENG = #roles by civil society organizations/total #possible roles

This is the ratio of the number of whistleblowing handling roles taken up by CSOs in a nation, by the total number of possible roles, which is 8 (cf. Loyens & Vandekerckhove, 2018a; 2018b). Table 2 gives an overview of the resulting measures.

Table 2.

Measures Used in This Chapter.

Nation	Highest #Roles by One Gov Actor	Total #Roles in Nation	#Roles by Civil Society	Total #Roles Possible	Ctr	Eng	LRel	Gov
Australia	2	6	1	8	0.33	0.12	0.29	0.47
France	5	7	3	8	0.71	0.37	0.6	0.82
Ireland	2	6	3	8	0.33	0.37	0.28	0.35
Netherlands	8	8	1	8	1	0.12	0.53	0.74
Norway	2	4	0	8	0.5	0	0.81	0.74
UK	2	8	4	8	0.25	0.5	0.04	0.14
USA	4	7	4	8	0.03	0.5	0	0

Nation	Highest #Roles by One Gov Actor	Total #Roles in Nation	#Roles by Civil Society	Total #Roles Possible	Ctr	Eng	LRel	Gov
Australia	2	6	1	8	0.33	0.12	0.29	0.47
France	5	7	3	8	0.71	0.37	0.6	0.82
Ireland	2	6	3	8	0.33	0.37	0.28	0.35
Netherlands	8	8	1	8	1	0.12	0.53	0.74
Norway	2	4	0	8	0.5	0	0.81	0.74
UK	2	8	4	8	0.25	0.5	0.04	0.14
USA	4	7	4	8	0.03	0.5	0	0

LRel = Labour relations (taken from Hall & Gingerich, 2004).

Gov = Corporate Governance (taken from Hall & Gingerich, 2004).

#roles variables taken from country descriptions in Loyens and Vandekerckhove (2018b).

Ctr (Centralization) and Eng (Engagement) calculated based on formulas provided in the text the other variables.

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