Table 6 Translating RL and CLSC risks... | Emerald Publishing

Table 6

Translating RL and CLSC risks into stakeholder actions and KPIs

P-I-M risk group	Risk type	Stakeholder(s)	Recommended action	Key KPI(s)
A (Low P–High I–Low M)	- Facility disruption - Supply disruption - Demand disruption - Collection disruption - Cost disruption - Production disruption	OEMs/Re-manufacturers	- Develop multi-route and multi-facility recovery pathways and alternative processing capacity for hybrid facilities (production–recovery) - Have backup processors pre-contracted	- Time-to-recovery - % recovery throughput restored within 48 h - Network redundancy index
		Suppliers/Collectors/3PLs	- Adopt visibility agreements for used-product flows and returned-material availability - Establish backup collection hubs - Introduce risk-tiered protocols for hazardous or sensitive returns	- Visibility score - Supply signal accuracy - Collection continuity rate - % hazardous loads processed without delay
		Regulators/public agencies	- Streamline emergency approvals - Improve disaster-response coordination across reverse flow actors	- Lead time for emergency approvals - Regulatory response time
B (Medium P–Medium I–Medium M)	- Supply risk - Financial risk - Logistics risk - Collection risk	OEMs	- Use dynamic contracting for variable-quality return inputs	- Material availability stability index
		Recyclers/Remanufacturers	- Implement granular return-quality grading systems and automated inspection	- % returns correctly classified - Reprocessing defect rate
		Suppliers/Logistics Partners	- Contract for improved visibility of used-product flows - Enhance forecast sharing and adopt continuous visibility tools for return volumes	- Forecast accuracy - Visibility score - Variance of inbound return flows
C (High P–Low I–High M)	- Operational risk	OEMs/Process Engineers	- Adopt flexible staffing or workstation configuration to accommodate routine variability	- Line utilisation rate - Worker cross-skill index
C (High P–Low I–High M)	- Operational risk	Disassembly and Inspection Centres	- Standardise disassembly protocols - Implement digital checklists aligned with the organisation's Standard Operating Procedures to reduce epistemic uncertainty	- Processing time variance - % rework - Inspection accuracy
D (Medium P–High I–Medium M)	- Waste management risk - Malicious attacks	OEMs, Public Sector	- Strengthen cyber-resilience for IoT-enabled collection and handling systems - Upgrade hazardous-waste handling systems	- Number of cyber incidents - Hazardous waste compliance rate - Successful audit rate
D (Medium P–High I–Medium M)	- Waste management risk - Malicious attacks	Recyclers	- Introduce real-time monitoring for waste streams and anomaly alerts	- Detection accuracy - Response latency
E (Medium P–Medium I–Low M)	- Demand risk	Manufacturers/Retailers	- Deploy demand-sensing algorithms for green-product shifts - Integrate near-real-time return analytics	- Forecast error - Demand volatility index
E (Medium P–Medium I–Low M)	- Demand risk	Marketing/Customer Interface	- Use behavioural nudges to stabilise return flows	- Return predictability score - Participation rate
F (Medium P–High I–Low M)	- Natural resource scarcity	OEMs/Governments	- Develop closed-loop resource recovery targets for critical materials - Co-develop recycling infrastructure	- % secondary material substitution - Recycling yield - Critical-resource dependency index
F (Medium P–High I–Low M)	- Natural resource scarcity	Recyclers	- Adopt high-efficiency extraction and recovery technologies	- Recovery efficiency - Cost per recovered unit
G (P-I-M not applied)	- Risk in general	All stakeholders	- Establish cross-functional resilience governance structures	- Resilience maturity score - Frequency of cross-functional meetings - % risks with assigned owners

P-I-M risk group	Risk type	Stakeholder(s)	Recommended action	Key KPI(s)
A (Low P–High I–Low M)	- Facility disruption - Supply disruption - Demand disruption - Collection disruption - Cost disruption - Production disruption	OEMs/Re-manufacturers	- Develop multi-route and multi-facility recovery pathways and alternative processing capacity for hybrid facilities (production–recovery) - Have backup processors pre-contracted	- Time-to-recovery - % recovery throughput restored within 48 h - Network redundancy index
		Suppliers/Collectors/3PLs	- Adopt visibility agreements for used-product flows and returned-material availability - Establish backup collection hubs - Introduce risk-tiered protocols for hazardous or sensitive returns	- Visibility score - Supply signal accuracy - Collection continuity rate - % hazardous loads processed without delay
		Regulators/public agencies	- Streamline emergency approvals - Improve disaster-response coordination across reverse flow actors	- Lead time for emergency approvals - Regulatory response time
B (Medium P–Medium I–Medium M)	- Supply risk - Financial risk - Logistics risk - Collection risk	OEMs	- Use dynamic contracting for variable-quality return inputs	- Material availability stability index
		Recyclers/Remanufacturers	- Implement granular return-quality grading systems and automated inspection	- % returns correctly classified - Reprocessing defect rate
		Suppliers/Logistics Partners	- Contract for improved visibility of used-product flows - Enhance forecast sharing and adopt continuous visibility tools for return volumes	- Forecast accuracy - Visibility score - Variance of inbound return flows
C (High P–Low I–High M)	- Operational risk	OEMs/Process Engineers	- Adopt flexible staffing or workstation configuration to accommodate routine variability	- Line utilisation rate - Worker cross-skill index
C (High P–Low I–High M)	- Operational risk	Disassembly and Inspection Centres	- Standardise disassembly protocols - Implement digital checklists aligned with the organisation's Standard Operating Procedures to reduce epistemic uncertainty	- Processing time variance - % rework - Inspection accuracy
D (Medium P–High I–Medium M)	- Waste management risk - Malicious attacks	OEMs, Public Sector	- Strengthen cyber-resilience for IoT-enabled collection and handling systems - Upgrade hazardous-waste handling systems	- Number of cyber incidents - Hazardous waste compliance rate - Successful audit rate
D (Medium P–High I–Medium M)	- Waste management risk - Malicious attacks	Recyclers	- Introduce real-time monitoring for waste streams and anomaly alerts	- Detection accuracy - Response latency
E (Medium P–Medium I–Low M)	- Demand risk	Manufacturers/Retailers	- Deploy demand-sensing algorithms for green-product shifts - Integrate near-real-time return analytics	- Forecast error - Demand volatility index
E (Medium P–Medium I–Low M)	- Demand risk	Marketing/Customer Interface	- Use behavioural nudges to stabilise return flows	- Return predictability score - Participation rate
F (Medium P–High I–Low M)	- Natural resource scarcity	OEMs/Governments	- Develop closed-loop resource recovery targets for critical materials - Co-develop recycling infrastructure	- % secondary material substitution - Recycling yield - Critical-resource dependency index
F (Medium P–High I–Low M)	- Natural resource scarcity	Recyclers	- Adopt high-efficiency extraction and recovery technologies	- Recovery efficiency - Cost per recovered unit
G (P-I-M not applied)	- Risk in general	All stakeholders	- Establish cross-functional resilience governance structures	- Resilience maturity score - Frequency of cross-functional meetings - % risks with assigned owners

Source(s): Authors’ own work