Table 10

Granger causality test

Dependent variable = ETR1Financial_DETR1Financial_Ratio
OLSProbitOLSOLS
(1)(2)(3)(4)
Lagged ETR10.209***0.0090.209***−0.001
(13.994)(0.111)(13.999)(−0.450)
Lagged Financial_D−0.008**2.490***  
(−2.432)(82.322)  
Lagged Financial_Ratio  −0.026*0.748***
  (−1.895)(57.981)
SOE0.004−0.215***0.004−0.003**
(0.955)(−5.737)(1.031)(−2.555)
Size0.010***0.043***0.010***−0.001
(6.356)(3.007)(6.251)(−1.256)
Age−0.0010.029−0.0010.000
(−0.528)(1.429)(−0.414)(0.051)
Tangibility0.021−0.650***0.021−0.010
(1.138)(−3.638)(1.164)(−1.275)
Lev0.013−0.0360.013−0.002
(1.322)(−0.407)(1.317)(−0.527)
RD−0.528***−3.879***−0.529***−0.106***
(−5.019)(−3.508)(−5.021)(−2.674)
ROA0.197***0.1290.198***0.007
(6.682)(0.430)(6.729)(0.570)
Growth0.013***0.083***0.013***0.001
(4.721)(3.072)(4.735)(0.488)
Duality0.0020.0420.0020.001
(0.618)(1.194)(0.621)(1.011)
Independence0.032−0.0050.0330.003
(1.171)(−0.019)(1.183)(0.246)
Female0.0230.0830.0230.006
(1.524)(0.585)(1.544)(1.217)
Loss0.041***0.0490.041***0.001
(4.239)(0.743)(4.250)(0.611)
TotalAccruals0.0030.2030.0020.005
(0.136)(1.049)(0.118)(0.639)
TMT_Age−0.012−0.409**−0.012−0.017**
(−0.558)(−2.007)(−0.552)(−2.154)
TMT_Foreign0.0190.299**0.0190.018*
(1.187)(2.168)(1.187)(1.933)
TMT_Academic0.0060.227*0.0060.003
(0.539)(1.946)(0.546)(0.677)
_cons−0.185**−0.311−0.184**0.103***
(−2.143)(−0.379)(−2.119)(3.331)
Year fixed effects?YesYesYesYes
Industry fixed effects?YesYesYesYes
Province fixed effects?YesYesYesYes
SEs. Clustered atFirm, YearFirm, YearFirm, YearFirm, Year
No. of obs17,25718,92417,25718,924
Adj./Pseudo R-square0.0910.5310.0910.605

Note(s): This table reports the results for Granger Causality Test. All independent variables are lagged by one year except for Growth and Loss. ***, **, and * denote statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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