Table 1 Some recent historical extreme... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Some recent historical extreme weather events

Event	Description	Event damages $D_{E}$	FAR	Growth rate, $g$ (decimal)	Return period, $R_{0}$ (years)	Firm event liability, $L_{H, 0}^{E W}$	$\frac{L_{H, 0}^{E W}}{V_{H}}$
2010 Russian heatwave	Warmest July since records began. Return period reduced from 99 years (1960s) to 33 years (Otto et al., 2012)	$15bln	$\frac{2}{3}$	$0.022$	33	$0.10bln	0.05%
2011 Thailand flooding	Worst flooding in past 50 years (EM-DAT, n.d., Promchote et al., 2016; Rayer et al., 2021)	$52bln	0.575	$0.032$	15	$1.6bln	0.8%
2015–2017 South African drought	Western Cape drought and possible Cape Town “day zero” (EM-DAT, n.d., Otto et al., 2018b)	$1.74bln	0.70	$0.019$	100	$0.004bln	0.002%
2017 hurricane season including hurricane Harvey	Flooding. Precipitation intensities increased from 1-in-100-year events (late twentieth century) to 1-in-16-year events (Emanuel, 2017)	$265bln	$0.84$	$0.027$	16	$6.6bln	3%
2020 Siberian heatwave	Verkhoyansk June temperature of 38 °C (Sakha Republic, Russia) Probability increased at least 600-fold (Ciavarella et al., 2021). Damage based on Sakha Republic permafrost degradation (Streletskiy et al., 2019)	$21.3bln	$\frac{599}{600}$	0.018	130	$0.046bln	0.02%
2022 hurricane Ian	Charlotte and Lee Counties (Florida) and North Carolina, USA, 28 August to 2 October (NOAA, 2023). Attribution estimated from 2017 hurricane season	$115bln	0.84	0.027	16	$2.9bln	1%
2023 Mediterranean heat dome	July Mediterranean extreme heat. Probability increased at least 1000-fold (Zachariah et al., 2023). Estimated GDP percentage country costs: Greece 0.9pp, Spain 1.0pp, Italy 0.5pp, and France 0.1pp (Subran et al., 2023) 2022 GDP figures (World Bank, n.d.) imply $29bn damages	$29bln	$\frac{999}{1000}$	$0.017$	10	$0.78bln	0.4%
2023 US heat dome	July southern USA heatwave. Probability increased at least 1000-fold (Zachariah et al., 2023). Estimated costs of 0.3pp of US GDP (Subran et al., 2023) 2022 GDP figures (World Bank, n.d.) imply $76bn damages	$76bln	$\frac{999}{1000}$	$0.017$	15	$1.4bln	0.7%

Event	Description	Event damages $D_{E}$	FAR	Growth rate, $g$ (decimal)	Return period, $R_{0}$ (years)	Firm event liability, $L_{H, 0}^{E W}$	$\frac{L_{H, 0}^{E W}}{V_{H}}$
2010 Russian heatwave	Warmest July since records began. Return period reduced from 99 years (1960s) to 33 years (Otto et al., 2012)	$15bln	$\frac{2}{3}$	$0.022$	33	$0.10bln	0.05%
2011 Thailand flooding	Worst flooding in past 50 years (EM-DAT, n.d., Promchote et al., 2016; Rayer et al., 2021)	$52bln	0.575	$0.032$	15	$1.6bln	0.8%
2015–2017 South African drought	Western Cape drought and possible Cape Town “day zero” (EM-DAT, n.d., Otto et al., 2018b)	$1.74bln	0.70	$0.019$	100	$0.004bln	0.002%
2017 hurricane season including hurricane Harvey	Flooding. Precipitation intensities increased from 1-in-100-year events (late twentieth century) to 1-in-16-year events (Emanuel, 2017)	$265bln	$0.84$	$0.027$	16	$6.6bln	3%
2020 Siberian heatwave	Verkhoyansk June temperature of 38 °C (Sakha Republic, Russia)Probability increased at least 600-fold (Ciavarella et al., 2021). Damage based on Sakha Republic permafrost degradation (Streletskiy et al., 2019)	$21.3bln	$\frac{599}{600}$	0.018	130	$0.046bln	0.02%
2022 hurricane Ian	Charlotte and Lee Counties (Florida) and North Carolina, USA, 28 August to 2 October (NOAA, 2023). Attribution estimated from 2017 hurricane season	$115bln	0.84	0.027	16	$2.9bln	1%
2023 Mediterranean heat dome	July Mediterranean extreme heat. Probability increased at least 1000-fold (Zachariah et al., 2023). Estimated GDP percentage country costs: Greece 0.9pp, Spain 1.0pp, Italy 0.5pp, and France 0.1pp (Subran et al., 2023)2022 GDP figures (World Bank, n.d.) imply $29bn damages	$29bln	$\frac{999}{1000}$	$0.017$	10	$0.78bln	0.4%
2023 US heat dome	July southern USA heatwave. Probability increased at least 1000-fold (Zachariah et al., 2023). Estimated costs of 0.3pp of US GDP (Subran et al., 2023)2022 GDP figures (World Bank, n.d.) imply $76bn damages	$76bln	$\frac{999}{1000}$	$0.017$	15	$1.4bln	0.7%

Source(s): The authors