Higher and lower order corporate environmental strategies
| Attribute | Corporate environmental strategies | |
|---|---|---|
| Higher order | Lower order | |
| Nature | Proactive, anticipatory and self-regulatory | Reactive and compliance-driven |
| Focus | Whole product life cycle improvements and innovations | Adaptations and improvements as per requirements |
| Strategy alignment | Differentiation | Cost leadership |
| Firm resources | Requires substantial resources | Requires limited resources |
| Natural resources | Replace and regenerate the use of natural resources | Carry on or reduce the use of natural resources |
| Institutional voids | Copying and compensating institutional voids | Circumventing institutional voids |
| Examples | Product stewardship, sustainable development | End of pipe, pollution prevention |
| Attribute | Corporate environmental strategies | |
|---|---|---|
| Higher order | Lower order | |
| Nature | Proactive, anticipatory and self-regulatory | Reactive and compliance-driven |
| Focus | Whole product life cycle improvements and innovations | Adaptations and improvements as per requirements |
| Strategy alignment | Differentiation | Cost leadership |
| Firm resources | Requires substantial resources | Requires limited resources |
| Natural resources | Replace and regenerate the use of natural resources | Carry on or reduce the use of natural resources |
| Institutional voids | Copying and compensating institutional voids | Circumventing institutional voids |
| Examples | Product stewardship, sustainable development | End of pipe, pollution prevention |
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