Table 4.

Higher and lower order corporate environmental strategies

AttributeCorporate environmental strategies
Higher orderLower order
NatureProactive, anticipatory and self-regulatoryReactive and compliance-driven
FocusWhole product life cycle improvements and innovationsAdaptations and improvements as per requirements
Strategy alignmentDifferentiationCost leadership
Firm resourcesRequires substantial resourcesRequires limited resources
Natural resourcesReplace and regenerate the use of natural resourcesCarry on or reduce the use of natural resources
Institutional voidsCopying and compensating institutional voidsCircumventing institutional voids
ExamplesProduct stewardship, sustainable developmentEnd of pipe, pollution prevention
Source(s): Author’s own work

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