Table 1 Examples of contradictory... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Examples of contradictory effects of institutional distance on different IB phenomena

	Significant positive	Significant negative
MNE performance	Du and Boateng (2015), Gubbi et al. (2010), Wu (2013)	Crilly et al. (2016), Mohr et al. (2016), Batsakis et al. (2023)
Subsidiary performance	Abdi and Aulakh (2012), Dikova (2009), Marini Thome et al. (2017)	Luo and Zhao (2009), Wu and Salomon (2016), Shirodkar and Konara (2017)
Ownership mode (WOS = 1; JV = 0)	De Beule et al. (2010), Liou et al. (2016), Pinto et al. (2017), Yang (2015)	Ando (2012), Lahiri et al. (2014), Powell and Rhee (2016), Arslan et al. (2015), Gaur et al. (2022)
Establishment mode (Acq = 1; GF = 0)	Ang et al. (2015), Arslan and Larimo (2011), Chen et al. (2017)	Estrin et al. (2009), Slangen (2011), Arslan and Larimo (2017)

	Significant positive	Significant negative
MNE performance	Du and Boateng (2015), Gubbi et al. (2010), Wu (2013)	Crilly et al. (2016), Mohr et al. (2016), Batsakis et al. (2023)
Subsidiary performance	Abdi and Aulakh (2012), Dikova (2009), Marini Thome et al. (2017)	Luo and Zhao (2009), Wu and Salomon (2016), Shirodkar and Konara (2017)
Ownership mode (WOS = 1; JV = 0)	De Beule et al. (2010), Liou et al. (2016), Pinto et al. (2017), Yang (2015)	Ando (2012), Lahiri et al. (2014), Powell and Rhee (2016), Arslan et al. (2015), Gaur et al. (2022)
Establishment mode (Acq = 1; GF = 0)	Ang et al. (2015), Arslan and Larimo (2011), Chen et al. (2017)	Estrin et al. (2009), Slangen (2011), Arslan and Larimo (2017)

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