Descriptive statistics
| Variables | Mean | S.D. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Subsidiary risk | 6.621 | 9.251 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||||||||
| (2) Industry average performance | 3.749 | 3.695 | −0.028* | 1.000 | |||||||||||||||||
| (3) Subsidiary performance | 3.817 | 16.141 | −0.213* | 0.205* | 1.000 | ||||||||||||||||
| (4) Age | 19.422 | 19.328 | −0.100* | 0.033* | 0.056* | 1.000 | |||||||||||||||
| (5) Size | 218.548 | 1293.217 | −0.029* | −0.013* | −0.010* | 0.109* | 1.000 | ||||||||||||||
| (6) Slack | 3.343 | 7.143 | −0.006* | 0.000 | 0.067* | 0.015* | −0.027* | 1.000 | |||||||||||||
| (7) Shareholder funds | 43168.13 | 553906.4 | −0.018* | −0.015* | 0.004 | 0.079* | 0.146* | 0.008* | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
| (8) First-level | 0.313 | 0.464 | 0.006* | 0.009* | −0.033* | −0.118* | −0.023* | 0.008* | −0.017* | 1.000 | |||||||||||
| (9) Host country market size | 2.860e+09 | 8.254e+08 | 0.033* | −0.015* | 0.004 | −0.031* | 0.003 | 0.138* | −0.002 | 0.035* | 1.000 | ||||||||||
| (10) Host country wealth | 40.731 | 6.395 | 0.050* | 0.045* | 0.015* | −0.030* | 0.005* | 0.106* | 0.004 | 0.036* | 0.936* | 1.000 | |||||||||
| (11) GUO country market size | 6.338e+09 | 7.869e+09 | 0.023* | 0.068* | 0.029* | 0.020* | 0.007* | 0.031* | 0.024* | −0.105* | −0.034* | 0.019* | 1.000 | ||||||||
| (12) GUO country wealth | 54.119 | 20.181 | 0.005* | −0.036* | 0.023* | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.042* | 0.002 | 0.041* | 0.128* | 0.104* | 0.063* | 1.000 | |||||||
| (13) GUO power distance | 42.174 | 14.108 | 0.002 | 0.000 | −0.038* | −0.003 | 0.013* | −0.018* | 0.008* | −0.047* | −0.061* | −0.044* | 0.007* | −0.504* | 1.000 | ||||||
| (14) GUO individualism | 71.684 | 18.632 | 0.018* | 0.036* | 0.048* | 0.016* | −0.003 | 0.021* | 0.008* | −0.059* | −0.004* | 0.010* | 0.536* | 0.234* | −0.409* | 1.000 | |||||
| (15) GUO uncertainty avoidance | 57.366 | 19.102 | −0.030* | −0.022* | −0.027* | 0.018* | 0.001 | −0.015* | 0.004 | 0.054* | −0.043* | −0.060* | −0.308* | −0.244* | 0.438* | −0.426* | 1.000 | ||||
| (16) Performance above aspiration | 4.254 | 11.508 | 0.043* | 0.147* | 0.723* | 0.020* | −0.011* | 0.054* | −0.004 | −0.089* | 0.025* | 0.043* | 0.042* | 0.021* | −0.024* | 0.056* | −0.027* | 1.000 | |||
| (17) Power distance | 40.394 | 9.186 | −0.070* | −0.086* | −0.021* | 0.054* | 0.003 | −0.093* | −0.004* | −0.050* | −0.775* | −0.822* | −0.052* | −0.071* | 0.030* | −0.011* | 0.067* | −0.057* | 1.000 | ||
| (18) Individualism | 74.428 | 12.76 | 0.052* | 0.097* | 0.006* | −0.013* | −0.006* | −0.031* | 0.015* | 0.028* | 0.147* | 0.393* | 0.160* | −0.019* | 0.018* | 0.034* | −0.070* | 0.045* | −0.516* | 1.000 | |
| (19) Uncertainty avoidance | 58.376 | 18.988 | −0.090* | −0.165* | −0.030* | 0.029* | 0.001 | −0.004 | −0.017* | −0.034* | −0.296* | −0.540* | −0.159* | 0.013* | −0.018* | −0.039* | 0.081* | −0.077* | 0.728* | −0.897* | 1.000 |
| Variables | Mean | S.D. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Subsidiary risk | 6.621 | 9.251 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||||||||
| (2) Industry average performance | 3.749 | 3.695 | −0.028* | 1.000 | |||||||||||||||||
| (3) Subsidiary performance | 3.817 | 16.141 | −0.213* | 0.205* | 1.000 | ||||||||||||||||
| (4) Age | 19.422 | 19.328 | −0.100* | 0.033* | 0.056* | 1.000 | |||||||||||||||
| (5) Size | 218.548 | 1293.217 | −0.029* | −0.013* | −0.010* | 0.109* | 1.000 | ||||||||||||||
| (6) Slack | 3.343 | 7.143 | −0.006* | 0.000 | 0.067* | 0.015* | −0.027* | 1.000 | |||||||||||||
| (7) Shareholder funds | 43168.13 | 553906.4 | −0.018* | −0.015* | 0.004 | 0.079* | 0.146* | 0.008* | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
| (8) First-level | 0.313 | 0.464 | 0.006* | 0.009* | −0.033* | −0.118* | −0.023* | 0.008* | −0.017* | 1.000 | |||||||||||
| (9) Host country market size | 2.860e+09 | 8.254e+08 | 0.033* | −0.015* | 0.004 | −0.031* | 0.003 | 0.138* | −0.002 | 0.035* | 1.000 | ||||||||||
| (10) Host country wealth | 40.731 | 6.395 | 0.050* | 0.045* | 0.015* | −0.030* | 0.005* | 0.106* | 0.004 | 0.036* | 0.936* | 1.000 | |||||||||
| (11) GUO country market size | 6.338e+09 | 7.869e+09 | 0.023* | 0.068* | 0.029* | 0.020* | 0.007* | 0.031* | 0.024* | −0.105* | −0.034* | 0.019* | 1.000 | ||||||||
| (12) GUO country wealth | 54.119 | 20.181 | 0.005* | −0.036* | 0.023* | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.042* | 0.002 | 0.041* | 0.128* | 0.104* | 0.063* | 1.000 | |||||||
| (13) GUO power distance | 42.174 | 14.108 | 0.002 | 0.000 | −0.038* | −0.003 | 0.013* | −0.018* | 0.008* | −0.047* | −0.061* | −0.044* | 0.007* | −0.504* | 1.000 | ||||||
| (14) GUO individualism | 71.684 | 18.632 | 0.018* | 0.036* | 0.048* | 0.016* | −0.003 | 0.021* | 0.008* | −0.059* | −0.004* | 0.010* | 0.536* | 0.234* | −0.409* | 1.000 | |||||
| (15) GUO uncertainty avoidance | 57.366 | 19.102 | −0.030* | −0.022* | −0.027* | 0.018* | 0.001 | −0.015* | 0.004 | 0.054* | −0.043* | −0.060* | −0.308* | −0.244* | 0.438* | −0.426* | 1.000 | ||||
| (16) Performance above aspiration | 4.254 | 11.508 | 0.043* | 0.147* | 0.723* | 0.020* | −0.011* | 0.054* | −0.004 | −0.089* | 0.025* | 0.043* | 0.042* | 0.021* | −0.024* | 0.056* | −0.027* | 1.000 | |||
| (17) Power distance | 40.394 | 9.186 | −0.070* | −0.086* | −0.021* | 0.054* | 0.003 | −0.093* | −0.004* | −0.050* | −0.775* | −0.822* | −0.052* | −0.071* | 0.030* | −0.011* | 0.067* | −0.057* | 1.000 | ||
| (18) Individualism | 74.428 | 12.76 | 0.052* | 0.097* | 0.006* | −0.013* | −0.006* | −0.031* | 0.015* | 0.028* | 0.147* | 0.393* | 0.160* | −0.019* | 0.018* | 0.034* | −0.070* | 0.045* | −0.516* | 1.000 | |
| (19) Uncertainty avoidance | 58.376 | 18.988 | −0.090* | −0.165* | −0.030* | 0.029* | 0.001 | −0.004 | −0.017* | −0.034* | −0.296* | −0.540* | −0.159* | 0.013* | −0.018* | −0.039* | 0.081* | −0.077* | 0.728* | −0.897* | 1.000 |
Note(s): *p < 0.05