Table 2

Regression results. Dependent variable: Subsidiary risk

VariablesModel 1Model 2Model 3Model 4Model 5
Industry average performance−0.0334***−0.0285**−0.0291**−0.0261**−0.0214*
(0.00985)(0.00977)(0.00977)(0.00976)(0.00974)
Subsidiary performance−0.0719***−0.145***−0.144***−0.145***−0.144***
(0.00153)(0.00219)(0.00222)(0.00222)(0.00222)
Age−0.0225***−0.0210***−0.0199***−0.0201***−0.0198***
(0.00118)(0.00117)(0.00116)(0.00116)(0.00115)
Size−0.000153***−0.000148***−0.000145***−0.000149***−0.000145***
(0.0000148)(0.0000147)(0.0000146)(0.0000146)(0.0000146)
Slack−0.00964*−0.00993*−0.0114**−0.0121**−0.00956*
(0.00443)(0.00439)(0.00436)(0.00437)(0.00436)
Shareholder funds−0.000000175***−0.000000151***−0.000000149***−0.000000145***−0.000000148***
(4.01e−08)(3.97e−08)(3.92e−08)(3.92e−08)(3.92e−08)
First-level−0.110*0.111*0.09670.09870.0970
(0.0547)(0.0545)(0.0540)(0.0540)(0.0540)
Host country market size−7.753***−7.234***−6.966***−6.872***−6.522***
(0.285)(0.283)(0.281)(0.281)(0.308)
Host country wealth0.470***0.437***0.388***0.430***0.381***
(0.0150)(0.0149)(0.0157)(0.0150)(0.0187)
GUO country market size−0.0989***−0.00274−0.00290*−0.00253−0.00286*
(0.0192)(0.00147)(0.00146)(0.00146)(0.00146)
GUO country wealth−0.00231−0.0977***−0.105***−0.0931***−0.102***
(0.00148)(0.0190)(0.0189)(0.0189)(0.0189)
GUO power distance0.00492*0.004150.003380.003420.00352
(0.00224)(0.00222)(0.00220)(0.00220)(0.00220)
GUO individualism0.00738***0.00630***0.00694***0.00593**0.00643***
(0.00186)(0.00184)(0.00183)(0.00183)(0.00183)
GUO uncertainty avoidance−0.00870***−0.00960***−0.00865***−0.00908***−0.00878***
(0.00139)(0.00138)(0.00137)(0.00137)(0.00137)
Performance above aspiration 1.610***1.625***1.613***1.606***
 (0.0347)(0.0349)(0.0348)(0.0348)
Power distance  −0.243***  
  (0.0372)  
Performance above aspiration × Power distance  −0.132***  
  (0.0205)  
Individualism   −0.117*** 
   (0.0288) 
Performance above aspiration × Individualism   0.188*** 
   (0.0201) 
Uncertainty avoidance    −0.124**
    (0.0380)
Performance above aspiration × Uncertainty avoidance    −0.316***
    (0.0205)
Constant159.2***149.5***145.8***141.8***136.3***
(5.619)(5.576)(5.532)(5.553)(5.991)
Number of observations128,775128,775127,187127,187127,187
R-squared0.06190.07740.07680.07700.0781
F61.40***85.42***82.12***82.35***84.03***

Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

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