Table 2

Iterative analysis of masculinity and work-life balance: emergent themes and dimensions

First-order concepts (codes)Example quotesSecond-order themesAggregate dimensionsEmergent narrative
Breadwinner identityI have to provide for my familyTraditional breadwinner modelMasculinity Continuum (Traditional vs Evolving)This reflects the historical role of men as breadwinners, particularly in traditional industries
Fear of appearing uncommittedTaking parental leave would make me look uncommittedPerception of career as central to masculinityA common fear among participants, especially in competitive organizational cultures
Redefinition of successBeing successful means being present for my familyEgalitarian view of masculinityReflects a generational shift, particularly among Millennials and Generation Z
Importance of work-life balanceWork-life balance is important for my role as a dadRejection of traditional normsAn evolving attitude where work-life balance is seen as part of a successful life
Supervisor’s high availability expectationsMy boss expects me to be available all the timeSupervisor’s traditional viewsSupervisory and Cultural NormsTraditional supervisory expectations create tension between career and family priorities
Fear of career penaltiesI’ve seen men get passed over for promotionsCareer-related repercussionsCareer-related fears emerged across all generations, but were stronger in older cohorts
Support for work-life balanceMy manager encouraged me to take parental leaveSupervisor’s support for work-life balanceSupportive supervisors encourage policy use, though this varies by organizational culture
Flexibility as an organizational valueOur company values flexibility for everyoneProgressive organizational cultureReflects how progressive organizations enable work-life balance as part of their values
Regret over missed family timeI’ve missed a lot of time with my kidsCareer comes at the expense of familyInternal Conflict (Career Prioritization vs Family Engagement)Regret is tied to the sacrifices made for career success, especially among Baby Boomers
Declining promotions for familyI turned down promotions for more family timeFamily prioritized over careerThis reflects deliberate choices to prioritize family over career opportunities
Desire for work-family balanceI want a balance between career and personal lifeSeeking balance for personal satisfactionA universal desire, though the means to achieve it vary across contexts and generations

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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