Matrix for RQ2: barriers to women’s empowerment and leadership
| Author(s), year | Study context | Identified barriers | Methodology |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed (2019) | Bangladesh | Patriarchal norms limiting leadership | Qualitative case study |
| Al Fara (2024) | Not specified | Social exclusion of female-headed households | Theoretical/conceptual analysis |
| Alagan and Aladuwaka (2011) | Sri Lanka | Cultural resistance to women’s participation | Qualitative study |
| Anjum et al. (2019) | African and Asian countries | Inadequate hygiene facilities limiting participation | Theoretical/conceptual analysis |
| Beek et al. (2019) | Multiple regions | Lack of gender-sensitive healthcare structures | Systematic review |
| Bloem and Miller (2013) | Haiti | Neglect of women’s specific health needs | Theoretical/conceptual analysis |
| Miller and Arquilla (2007) | Haiti | Cultural conservatism limiting women’s roles | Theoretical/conceptual analysis |
| Clissold et al. (2020) | Vanuatu | Gender norms restricting leadership | Qualitative study |
| Ekşi et al. (2022) | Turkey | Limited volunteer roles for women | Qualitative study |
| Olmsted and Killian (2023) | USA and South Africa | Socioeconomic inequality in crisis recovery | Quantitative survey |
| Hirani et al. (2021) | Pakistan | Poor support for breastfeeding mothers | Qualitative study |
| Hou and Wu (2020) | China | Traditional gender roles in decision-making | Qualitative study |
| Kovács and Tatham (2010) | Not specified | Gender bias in logistics hiring | Mixed methods |
| Toma et al. (2018) | Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Kurdistan | Cultural norms limiting refugee women’s participation | Qualitative study |
| Kovács et al. (2011) | Not specified | Underrepresentation in logistics decision-making | Quantitative survey |
| Husu et al. (2015) | Not specified | Structural barriers in logistics organisations | Mixed methods |
| Kovács et al. (2011) | Not specified | Gender-blind procurement practices | Theoretical/conceptual analysis |
| Luna and Hilhorst (2022) | Nepal | Patriarchal disaster relief structures | Qualitative study |
| Marzaleh et al. (n.d.) | Not specified | Neglect of reproductive health needs | Systematic review |
| Clissold et al. (2020) | Vanuatu | Market access limitations for women vendors | Qualitative study |
| Ahmed (2019) | Pakistan | Societal restrictions post-disaster | Case study |
| CARE(Mostafa et al., 2021) | Northwest Syria and South Sudan | Limited access to leadership training | Quantitative survey |
| Muro (2016) | Senegal | Gendered division of labour in food security | Case study |
| Ng (2021) | Malaysia | Lack of gender-sensitive aid distribution | Qualitative study |
| Olivius (2014) | Thailand and Bangladesh | Exclusion from refugee governance structures | No mention |
| Oosterhoff and Yunus (2022) | Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon | Household-centric empowerment limiting broader agency | Rapid review |
| Sidhva et al. (2021) | Syria | Age-based and gender-based inequalities | Qualitative study |
| Yamout et al. (2024) | US (Gulf Coast) | Gender bias in community healthcare roles | Mixed methods |
| Richter and Flowers (2008) | Not specified | Cultural taboos restricting aid access | Qualitative study |
| Schmitt et al. (2017) | Myanmar and Lebanon | Stigma around menstrual hygiene needs | Qualitative study |
| Sharma et al. (2020) | Global | Increased risks of harassment and GBV | Theoretical/conceptual analysis |
| Sidhva et al. (2021) | Jordan | Household power imbalances among refugee women | Qualitative study |
| Yamout et al. (2024) | Jordan | Discrimination in leadership pathways | Case study |
| Toma et al. (2018) | Bangladesh | Gender-segregated labour divisions | Mixed methods |
| Wilbur et al. (2022) | Southern Asia, Eastern Africa | Marginalisation in hygiene responses | Systematised review |
| Wolff (2024) | Malawi | Local NGO capacity challenges | Qualitative study |
| Yamout et al. (2024) | Lebanon | Gendered expectations in community health provision | Qualitative study |
| Zadhy and Erman (2023) | Turkey | Cultural stereotyping of refugees | Qualitative study |
| du Pasquier (2016) | Not specified | Gender bias in humanitarian negotiation | Qualitative study |
| du Pasquier (2016) | Not specified | Underrepresentation in peacebuilding | Qualitative study |
| Gebreyesus et al. (2021) | Ethiopia | Gendered burdens in water collection | Qualitative interviews |
| Castañeda Carney et al. (2020) | Mozambique | Social barriers to women’s leadership in markets | Mixed methods case study |
| Qirbi and Ismail (2017) | Yemen | Insecurity for female health workers | Qualitative study |
| Aladuwaka (2010) | India | Lack of support for women’s business initiatives | Case study |
| ACAPS (2019) | Colombia and Venezuela | Precarious volunteer work conditions | Qualitative study |
| Okeke-Ihejirika et al. (2022) | Nigeria | Displacement-related economic exclusion | Mixed methods |
| BNPB (2018) | Indonesia | Low integration of women in logistics volunteering | Quantitative survey |
| IRC and UNHCR (2020) | Kenya and Uganda | Limited recognition of women logisticians | Systematic review |
| Author(s), year | Study context | Identified barriers | Methodology |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bangladesh | Patriarchal norms limiting leadership | Qualitative case study | |
| Not specified | Social exclusion of female-headed households | Theoretical/conceptual analysis | |
| Sri Lanka | Cultural resistance to women’s participation | Qualitative study | |
| African and Asian countries | Inadequate hygiene facilities limiting participation | Theoretical/conceptual analysis | |
| Multiple regions | Lack of gender-sensitive healthcare structures | Systematic review | |
| Haiti | Neglect of women’s specific health needs | Theoretical/conceptual analysis | |
| Haiti | Cultural conservatism limiting women’s roles | Theoretical/conceptual analysis | |
| Vanuatu | Gender norms restricting leadership | Qualitative study | |
| Turkey | Limited volunteer roles for women | Qualitative study | |
| Socioeconomic inequality in crisis recovery | Quantitative survey | ||
| Pakistan | Poor support for breastfeeding mothers | Qualitative study | |
| China | Traditional gender roles in decision-making | Qualitative study | |
| Not specified | Gender bias in logistics hiring | Mixed methods | |
| Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Kurdistan | Cultural norms limiting refugee women’s participation | Qualitative study | |
| Not specified | Underrepresentation in logistics decision-making | Quantitative survey | |
| Not specified | Structural barriers in logistics organisations | Mixed methods | |
| Not specified | Gender-blind procurement practices | Theoretical/conceptual analysis | |
| Nepal | Patriarchal disaster relief structures | Qualitative study | |
| Not specified | Neglect of reproductive health needs | Systematic review | |
| Vanuatu | Market access limitations for women vendors | Qualitative study | |
| Pakistan | Societal restrictions post-disaster | Case study | |
| Northwest Syria and South Sudan | Limited access to leadership training | Quantitative survey | |
| Senegal | Gendered division of labour in food security | Case study | |
| Malaysia | Lack of gender-sensitive aid distribution | Qualitative study | |
| Thailand and Bangladesh | Exclusion from refugee governance structures | No mention | |
| Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon | Household-centric empowerment limiting broader agency | Rapid review | |
| Syria | Age-based and gender-based inequalities | Qualitative study | |
| Gender bias in community healthcare roles | Mixed methods | ||
| Not specified | Cultural taboos restricting aid access | Qualitative study | |
| Myanmar and Lebanon | Stigma around menstrual hygiene needs | Qualitative study | |
| Global | Increased risks of harassment and | Theoretical/conceptual analysis | |
| Jordan | Household power imbalances among refugee women | Qualitative study | |
| Jordan | Discrimination in leadership pathways | Case study | |
| Bangladesh | Gender-segregated labour divisions | Mixed methods | |
| Southern Asia, Eastern Africa | Marginalisation in hygiene responses | Systematised review | |
| Malawi | Local | Qualitative study | |
| Lebanon | Gendered expectations in community health provision | Qualitative study | |
| Turkey | Cultural stereotyping of refugees | Qualitative study | |
| Not specified | Gender bias in humanitarian negotiation | Qualitative study | |
| Not specified | Underrepresentation in peacebuilding | Qualitative study | |
| Ethiopia | Gendered burdens in water collection | Qualitative interviews | |
| Mozambique | Social barriers to women’s leadership in markets | Mixed methods case study | |
| Yemen | Insecurity for female health workers | Qualitative study | |
| India | Lack of support for women’s business initiatives | Case study | |
| Colombia and Venezuela | Precarious volunteer work conditions | Qualitative study | |
| Nigeria | Displacement-related economic exclusion | Mixed methods | |
| Indonesia | Low integration of women in logistics volunteering | Quantitative survey | |
| Kenya and Uganda | Limited recognition of women logisticians | Systematic review |
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