Table 4

Flows in different types of waste-to-resource SCs

Destination of the SCBusinesses as the source for waste-to-resource SC (suppliers; upstream)Consumers as the source for waste-to-resource SC (suppliers; upstream)
Businesses as the destination for waste-to-resource SC (market; downstream)Material flow:Material flow:
Upstream and downstream flows may show less variability, especially in sectors with consistent levels of production. Downstream flows affected by number of customers and predictability of their needs Finance flow: Flow aligned with material flow for waste-treatment services from supplier and customer to waste-treatment company Information flow: Information flows may be continuous as B2B partnerships are often fewer in number and more closely governedUpstream flows may show high variability with downstream flows affected by number of customers and predictability of their needs Finance flow: Flow from supplier disconnected from material flow with payments for treatment services by public bodies; flow from customer connected to sales of secondary resources Information flow: Upstream flows likely disrupted and downstream flows are likely continuous accompanying the secondary resources
Consumers as the destination for waste-to-resource SC (market; downstream)Material flow:Material flow:
Upstream flows may show less variability, especially in sectors with consistent levels of production with downstream flows showing stronger variability based on consumer trendsUpstream and downstream flows are characterised by mismatched fluctuation (seasonality)
Finance flow:Finance flow:
Flow aligned with material flow for waste-treatment services from supplier, flow from customer connected to sales of secondary resourcesUpstream flow disconnected from material flow with payments for treatment services by public bodies; downstream flow connected to sales of secondary resources
Information flow:Information flow:
Continuous information flow accompanying the materials from upstream to downstreamUpstream flows are disrupted as no information accompanies the material flows, while downstream flows are continuous
Source(s): Author’s own work

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