Table A1. Sample studies assessing the... | Emerald Publishing

Table A1.

Sample studies assessing the 3Es in recreation, hospitality and tourism

Sector	Optimization of the three components in service delivery: efficiency, effectiveness and equity
Sector	Economic context	Socio-cultural context	Environmental context
Recreation	Authors:Nowak and Heldt (2023)Title: Financing recreational trails through donations: Testing behavioural theory in Mountain biking context Location: Rörbäcksnäs, Sweden Method: Experimental design Results: The authors found that voluntary contribution schemes, driven by normative messages, can effectively support funding strategies for recreational, nature-based trails	Authors:Zhang and Xu (2023)Title: Investigating the spatial distribution of urban parks from the perspective of equity-efficiency: Evidence from chengdu, China Location: Chengdu, China Method: Multisource big data and GIS technology Results: The authors concluded that strengthening the construction of small urban parks and green spaces, designing park facilities to match the diverse social needs of citizens and improving the attractiveness of parks and green spaces are necessary	Authors:Guo et al. (2024)Title: Spatial equity of urban parks from the perspective of recreational opportunities and recreational environment quality: a case study in Singapore Location: Singapore Method: Case study Results: For park recreational services, the author proposed a comprehensive evaluation system
Hospitality	Authors:Singh et al. (2022)Title: Evaluating the hotel industry performance using efficiency and effectiveness measures Location: India Method: Two-phase evaluation model with panel data Results: The authors found that while no significant correlation was found between efficiency and effectiveness scores, there was a strong positive correlation between effectiveness scores and overall hotel performance	Authors:Gursoy and Maier (2023)Title: Diversity, equity and inclusion in hospitality: Value centred leadership as a conduit for change Location: N/A Method: Conceptual paper Results: Based on transformational leadership principles, the authors proposed a value-centered leadership framework comprising four domains: mission, inclusivity, people and task	Authors: Arbelo et al. (2025) Title: Green premiums: Assessing the revenue impact of eco-certification in the hospitality sector Location: Canary Islands, Spain Method: Stochastic frontier Bayesian model Results: The authors found that in some tested hotels, eco-certification can significantly improve their revenue efficiency, enabling these hotels to charge premium prices
Tourism	Authors:Park et al. (2022)Title: A model for cross-border tourism governance in the greater Bay area Location: Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao, China Method: Institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework Results: The authors identified the key elements and mechanisms of cross-border collaboration in tourism and investigated evaluative criteria	Authors: Bayrakcı and Ozcan (2023) Title: The socio-cultural determinants of tourism: the case of Turkey Location: Turkey Method: Panel unit root, panel cointegration tests and cointegration estimator methods Results: The testing results showed that, in addition to economic variables, socio-cultural variables also contributed significantly to positive effects on tourism demand	Authors:Wong et al. (2021)Title: Destination green equity and its moderating role of travel satisfaction Location: China Method: Moderation model Results: The authors found that a place’s green equity moderates the effects of food and transportation satisfaction on the overall destination satisfaction

Sector	Optimization of the three components in service delivery: efficiency, effectiveness and equity
Sector	Economic context	Socio-cultural context	Environmental context
Recreation	Authors:Nowak and Heldt (2023)Title: Financing recreational trails through donations: Testing behavioural theory in Mountain biking context Location: Rörbäcksnäs, Sweden Method: Experimental design Results: The authors found that voluntary contribution schemes, driven by normative messages, can effectively support funding strategies for recreational, nature-based trails	Authors:Zhang and Xu (2023)Title: Investigating the spatial distribution of urban parks from the perspective of equity-efficiency: Evidence from chengdu, China Location: Chengdu, China Method: Multisource big data and GIS technology Results: The authors concluded that strengthening the construction of small urban parks and green spaces, designing park facilities to match the diverse social needs of citizens and improving the attractiveness of parks and green spaces are necessary	Authors:Guo et al. (2024)Title: Spatial equity of urban parks from the perspective of recreational opportunities and recreational environment quality: a case study in Singapore Location: Singapore Method: Case study Results: For park recreational services, the author proposed a comprehensive evaluation system
Hospitality	Authors:Singh et al. (2022)Title: Evaluating the hotel industry performance using efficiency and effectiveness measures Location: India Method: Two-phase evaluation model with panel data Results: The authors found that while no significant correlation was found between efficiency and effectiveness scores, there was a strong positive correlation between effectiveness scores and overall hotel performance	Authors:Gursoy and Maier (2023)Title: Diversity, equity and inclusion in hospitality: Value centred leadership as a conduit for change Location: N/A Method: Conceptual paper Results: Based on transformational leadership principles, the authors proposed a value-centered leadership framework comprising four domains: mission, inclusivity, people and task	Authors: Arbelo et al. (2025) Title: Green premiums: Assessing the revenue impact of eco-certification in the hospitality sector Location: Canary Islands, Spain Method: Stochastic frontier Bayesian model Results: The authors found that in some tested hotels, eco-certification can significantly improve their revenue efficiency, enabling these hotels to charge premium prices
Tourism	Authors:Park et al. (2022)Title: A model for cross-border tourism governance in the greater Bay area Location: Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao, China Method: Institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework Results: The authors identified the key elements and mechanisms of cross-border collaboration in tourism and investigated evaluative criteria	Authors: Bayrakcı and Ozcan (2023) Title: The socio-cultural determinants of tourism: the case of Turkey Location: Turkey Method: Panel unit root, panel cointegration tests and cointegration estimator methods Results: The testing results showed that, in addition to economic variables, socio-cultural variables also contributed significantly to positive effects on tourism demand	Authors:Wong et al. (2021)Title: Destination green equity and its moderating role of travel satisfaction Location: China Method: Moderation model Results: The authors found that a place’s green equity moderates the effects of food and transportation satisfaction on the overall destination satisfaction

Source(s): Developed by the authors