Table 1. Institutional dimension:... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Institutional dimension: governance – innovation policies

The UK	The USA	Brazil	India	China	South Korea	Japan
Breakthrough is a program where private investors and the UK government co-invest in innovative firms. The scale-up program serves as a specialized growth initiative, reflecting a targeted effort to support firms that are already in the growth phase. Breakthrough and the scale-up program integrate governance and innovation policy. The UK government, through the department for business, energy and industrial strategy, addresses the issue with the start-up loans scheme, aiming to help them scale their operations	National innovation programs: the USA supports scale-ups through multiple programs: Scale-up America: Focuses on supporting regional incubators and accelerators. Build to Scale: Aims at promoting technology-based economic development. The ARPA Model: This program supports innovative research projects and includes a business growth initiatives	Recent government programs are managed by ministries like the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, and the Ministry of Economy. The Marco Legal Start-ups law primarily facilitates attracting capital and achieving growth for start-ups rather than focusing on scaling up	Ministry support and programs: The Ministry of Electronics and IT supports start-ups via the MeitY Start-up Hub, which integrates various ecosystem players. The Scale-up Programme by T-Hub Foundation serves as an accelerator for regional cohorts of 12–15 firms over a year. India has region-based accelerator programs and has significant investment funds distributed across thousands of rounds with public calls. Invest India and Start-up India are crucial in attracting talent and financial support	Government financing programs: China’s government rewards incremental expansions in SMEs, with the People’s Bank of China guiding financial institutions to increase credit availability. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is involved in policy development and digitalization efforts. The China SME Development Fund, launched in 2015, specifically supports SME scaling. The 14th Five-Year Plan includes an SME promotion initiative aimed at supporting one million innovative SMEs	K-Unicorn program: Managed by the KISED agency, this program supports “Baby Unicorns,” which are young firms with high growth potential. The ministry of SMEs and start-ups recognizes firms that have demonstrated consistent growth, providing a formal mechanism to highlight successful scale-ups. Korea start-up center aims to create a more start-up-friendly infrastructure. The organization for small and medium enterprises and regional innovation provides loan guarantees from commercial banks for start-ups, highlighting government support for both domestic growth and international expansion	The Japanese government offers a commercialization support program designed for technology-based start-ups, providing assistance to small businesses seeking to scale up. This support is delivered through certified venture capital firms and accelerators. Japan’s organization for small and medium enterprises and regional innovation provides loan guarantees for deep-tech start-ups through commercial banks. However, there is no explicit national programs for supporting scale-ups

The UK	The USA	Brazil	India	China	South Korea	Japan
Breakthrough is a program where private investors and the UK government co-invest in innovative firms. The scale-up program serves as a specialized growth initiative, reflecting a targeted effort to support firms that are already in the growth phase. Breakthrough and the scale-up program integrate governance and innovation policy. The UK government, through the department for business, energy and industrial strategy, addresses the issue with the start-up loans scheme, aiming to help them scale their operations	National innovation programs: the USA supports scale-ups through multiple programs: Scale-up America: Focuses on supporting regional incubators and accelerators. Build to Scale: Aims at promoting technology-based economic development. The ARPA Model: This program supports innovative research projects and includes a business growth initiatives	Recent government programs are managed by ministries like the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, and the Ministry of Economy. The Marco Legal Start-ups law primarily facilitates attracting capital and achieving growth for start-ups rather than focusing on scaling up	Ministry support and programs: The Ministry of Electronics and IT supports start-ups via the MeitY Start-up Hub, which integrates various ecosystem players. The Scale-up Programme by T-Hub Foundation serves as an accelerator for regional cohorts of 12–15 firms over a year. India has region-based accelerator programs and has significant investment funds distributed across thousands of rounds with public calls. Invest India and Start-up India are crucial in attracting talent and financial support	Government financing programs: China’s government rewards incremental expansions in SMEs, with the People’s Bank of China guiding financial institutions to increase credit availability. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is involved in policy development and digitalization efforts. The China SME Development Fund, launched in 2015, specifically supports SME scaling. The 14th Five-Year Plan includes an SME promotion initiative aimed at supporting one million innovative SMEs	K-Unicorn program: Managed by the KISED agency, this program supports “Baby Unicorns,” which are young firms with high growth potential. The ministry of SMEs and start-ups recognizes firms that have demonstrated consistent growth, providing a formal mechanism to highlight successful scale-ups. Korea start-up center aims to create a more start-up-friendly infrastructure. The organization for small and medium enterprises and regional innovation provides loan guarantees from commercial banks for start-ups, highlighting government support for both domestic growth and international expansion	The Japanese government offers a commercialization support program designed for technology-based start-ups, providing assistance to small businesses seeking to scale up. This support is delivered through certified venture capital firms and accelerators. Japan’s organization for small and medium enterprises and regional innovation provides loan guarantees for deep-tech start-ups through commercial banks. However, there is no explicit national programs for supporting scale-ups

Source(s): Author’s own work