Cross-country overview
| Common enabling mechanisms (all or most countries) | Key institutional differences across countries |
|---|---|
| Government-backed innovation and scale-up programs | UK and South Korea: Strong coordination between governance and regulation; targeted scale-up programs (breakthrough, K-Unicorn) |
| Access to venture capital and coinvestment schemes | USA: Market-driven environment with abundant capital but limited Central coordination |
| R&D tax credits or fiscal incentives for innovation | Japan: Focus on start-up promotion; emerging interest in scale-ups via commercialization programs |
| Collaboration between universities, firms and government agencies | China: State-driven governance and large-scale financial incentives; regulatory unpredictability remains |
| Policy initiatives linking innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystems | India: Strong accelerator ecosystem but heavy tax compliance burden |
| Brazil: Institutional fragmentation and “threshold avoidance” due to progressive taxation |
| Common enabling mechanisms (all or most countries) | Key institutional differences across countries |
|---|---|
| Government-backed innovation and scale-up programs | |
| Access to venture capital and coinvestment schemes | |
| R&D tax credits or fiscal incentives for innovation | |
| Collaboration between universities, firms and government agencies | |
| Policy initiatives linking innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystems | |
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