Key barriers to CE in PPP projects
| S/N | Barriers to CE in PPP construction projects | References |
|---|---|---|
| CBR1 | Cost of reclaimed construction materials | Tirumala and Tiwari (2023) |
| CBR2 | Complex circular design and architecture | De Matteis et al. (2025) |
| CBR3 | Insufficient green procurement policies | Liu et al. (2023) |
| CBR4 | Hiring costs of construction workers | Akomea-Frimpong et al. (2024a) |
| CBR5 | Limited access to funding | Ma et al. (2022) |
| CBR6 | Expensive virgin material costs | Owojori and Okoro (2022) |
| CBR7 | Cost of disposing of wastes | Shah et al. (2025) |
| CBR8 | Clients not ready to pay extra | Tahir et al. (2024) |
| CBR9 | Rising insurance costs | Tahir et al. (2024) |
| CBR10 | Profit-seeking motives of private partners | Akinade et al. (2020) |
| CBR11 | Inaccuracies in cost estimation | Mahpour (2023) |
| CBR12 | Contradictions in circular policies | Bao et al. (2019) |
| CBR13 | Poor management of construction, demolition and wastes | Esposito and Dicorato (2020) |
| CBR14 | Lack of industry standards | Balsalobre-Lorente et al. (2025) |
| CBR15 | Lack of national regulatory framework | Bellezoni et al. (2022) |
| CBR16 | Insufficient government support | Akomea-Frimpong et al. (2024a) |
| CBR17 | No common international policies | Prabawati et al. (2023) |
| CBR18 | Poor knowledge and awareness | Kristensen et al. (2021) |
| CBR19 | Inadequate skill set on circular economy | Akomea-Frimpong et al. (2024c) |
| CBR20 | Incomprehensive data on CE | Menezes et al. (2024) |
| CBR21 | Absence of sustainable CE cultural practice | Ho et al. (2024) |
| CBR22 | Unconvincing business case for CE | Forastero (2023) |
| CBR23 | CE not part of the strategic plan of the organization | Singh et al. (2024) |
| CBR24 | Leadership commitment is lacking on CE causes | Kwasafo et al. (2024) |
| CBR25 | Lack of technologies on CE management | Charef and Lu (2021) |
| CBR26 | No eco-friendly CE technological tools | Kristensen et al. (2021) |
| CBR27 | Dominance of traditional construction techniques | Mahpour (2023) |
| CBR28 | Lack of transparency and information sharing | Oluleye et al. (2023) |
| CBR29 | Stakeholders not getting involved | Akomea-Frimpong et al. (2024a) |
| CBR30 | Green and cohesive supply chain networks | Kristensen et al. (2021) |
| CBR31 | Poorly managed end-life of projects | Tirumala and Tiwari (2023) |
| CBR32 | Resistance to change | Menezes et al. (2024) |
| CBR33 | Deeply ingrained linear mindset | Tripathy et al. (2025) |
| CBR34 | Contract management constraints | Govindan and Hasanagic (2018) |
| CBR35 | Transition risks | Singh et al. (2024) |
| S/N | Barriers to CE in PPP construction projects | References |
|---|---|---|
| CBR1 | Cost of reclaimed construction materials | |
| CBR2 | Complex circular design and architecture | |
| CBR3 | Insufficient green procurement policies | |
| CBR4 | Hiring costs of construction workers | |
| CBR5 | Limited access to funding | |
| CBR6 | Expensive virgin material costs | |
| CBR7 | Cost of disposing of wastes | |
| CBR8 | Clients not ready to pay extra | |
| CBR9 | Rising insurance costs | |
| CBR10 | Profit-seeking motives of private partners | |
| CBR11 | Inaccuracies in cost estimation | |
| CBR12 | Contradictions in circular policies | |
| CBR13 | Poor management of construction, demolition and wastes | |
| CBR14 | Lack of industry standards | |
| CBR15 | Lack of national regulatory framework | |
| CBR16 | Insufficient government support | |
| CBR17 | No common international policies | |
| CBR18 | Poor knowledge and awareness | |
| CBR19 | Inadequate skill set on circular economy | |
| CBR20 | Incomprehensive data on CE | |
| CBR21 | Absence of sustainable CE cultural practice | |
| CBR22 | Unconvincing business case for CE | |
| CBR23 | CE not part of the strategic plan of the organization | |
| CBR24 | Leadership commitment is lacking on CE causes | |
| CBR25 | Lack of technologies on CE management | |
| CBR26 | No eco-friendly CE technological tools | |
| CBR27 | Dominance of traditional construction techniques | |
| CBR28 | Lack of transparency and information sharing | |
| CBR29 | Stakeholders not getting involved | |
| CBR30 | Green and cohesive supply chain networks | |
| CBR31 | Poorly managed end-life of projects | |
| CBR32 | Resistance to change | |
| CBR33 | Deeply ingrained linear mindset | |
| CBR34 | Contract management constraints | |
| CBR35 | Transition risks |
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