Table 2 Factor groupings of critical...

Table 2

Factor groupings of critical barriers hindering CE adoption in PPP smart cities

No.	Barriers to CE in PPP construction projects	Mean	SD	Factor loading	Elgen value	% Of variance explained	Cumulative % of variance explained
CBRG1	Systematic and institutional barriers				4.182	26.184	26.184
CBR34	Contract management constraints	4.31	1.33	0.913
CBR35	Transition risks	3.68	0.78	0.887
CBR1	Cost of reclaimed construction materials	3.56	0.54	0.843
CBR21	Absence of sustainable CE cultural practice	3.39	0.66	0.813
CBR31	Poorly managed end-life of projects	3.32	0.86	0.782
CBR13	Poor management of construction, demolition and wastes	3.12	1.26	0.753
CBR16	Insufficient government support	3.93	0.77	0.728
CBRG2	Attitudinal barriers				2.942	18.347	44.531
CBR24	Lack of leadership commitment towards to CE	4.72	0.66	0.907
CBR29	Stakeholders not getting involved	4.28	0.78	0.873
CBR8	Clients not ready to pay extra	3.85	0.74	0.828
CBR19	Inadequate skill set on circular economy	3.62	0.83	0.783
CBR18	Poor knowledge and awareness	3.41	0.70	0.735
CBR32	Resistance to change	3.26	0.88	0.708
CBRG3	Financial constraints and Cost pressures				1.842	12.822	57.353
CBR11	Inaccuracies in cost estimation	4.42	1.47	0.847
CBR7	Cost of disposing of wastes	4.21	1.32	0.826
CBR6	Expensive virgin material costs	4.17	1.35	0.815
CBR4	Hiring costs of construction workers	3.9	0.74	0.794
CBR9	Rising insurance costs	3.25	0.93	0.747
CBRG4	Governance and regulatory barriers				1.447	10.379	67.732
CBR2	Complex circular design and architecture	4.69	0.59	0.877
CBR14	Lack of industry standards	4.38	0.84	0.853
CBR15	Lack of national regulatory framework	4.15	0.96	0.819
CBR17	No common international policies	3.79	1.47	0.786
CBRG5	Digital innovation and knowledge barriers				1.132	7.043	74.775
CBR28	Lack of transparency and information sharing	4.55	0.66	0.773
CBR27	Dominance of traditional construction techniques	4.06	1.29	0.759
CBR25	Lack of technologies on CE management	3.72	1.51	0.724

No.	Barriers to CE in PPP construction projects	Mean	SD	Factor loading	Elgen value	% Of variance explained	Cumulative % of variance explained
CBRG1	Systematic and institutional barriers				4.182	26.184	26.184
CBR34	Contract management constraints	4.31	1.33	0.913
CBR35	Transition risks	3.68	0.78	0.887
CBR1	Cost of reclaimed construction materials	3.56	0.54	0.843
CBR21	Absence of sustainable CE cultural practice	3.39	0.66	0.813
CBR31	Poorly managed end-life of projects	3.32	0.86	0.782
CBR13	Poor management of construction, demolition and wastes	3.12	1.26	0.753
CBR16	Insufficient government support	3.93	0.77	0.728
CBRG2	Attitudinal barriers				2.942	18.347	44.531
CBR24	Lack of leadership commitment towards to CE	4.72	0.66	0.907
CBR29	Stakeholders not getting involved	4.28	0.78	0.873
CBR8	Clients not ready to pay extra	3.85	0.74	0.828
CBR19	Inadequate skill set on circular economy	3.62	0.83	0.783
CBR18	Poor knowledge and awareness	3.41	0.70	0.735
CBR32	Resistance to change	3.26	0.88	0.708
CBRG3	Financial constraints and Cost pressures				1.842	12.822	57.353
CBR11	Inaccuracies in cost estimation	4.42	1.47	0.847
CBR7	Cost of disposing of wastes	4.21	1.32	0.826
CBR6	Expensive virgin material costs	4.17	1.35	0.815
CBR4	Hiring costs of construction workers	3.9	0.74	0.794
CBR9	Rising insurance costs	3.25	0.93	0.747
CBRG4	Governance and regulatory barriers				1.447	10.379	67.732
CBR2	Complex circular design and architecture	4.69	0.59	0.877
CBR14	Lack of industry standards	4.38	0.84	0.853
CBR15	Lack of national regulatory framework	4.15	0.96	0.819
CBR17	No common international policies	3.79	1.47	0.786
CBRG5	Digital innovation and knowledge barriers				1.132	7.043	74.775
CBR28	Lack of transparency and information sharing	4.55	0.66	0.773
CBR27	Dominance of traditional construction techniques	4.06	1.29	0.759
CBR25	Lack of technologies on CE management	3.72	1.51	0.724

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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