Table 1.

Operational framework

DimensionDescriptionIndicators
Knowledge characteristicsWhat is the nature of the knowledge being translated?Tacit vs. explicit, internal vs. external, stakeholder interpretation gaps
Translation mechanismsWhat tools or interactions facilitate KT?Business plans, workshops, storytelling, accounting tools, design artifacts
Actors and stakeholdersWho is involved in the KT process, and how do roles, power and agency differ?Role clarity, stakeholder mapping, co-creation efforts, knowledge brokers and validators
Hybrid risk managementHow is risk managed using both formal and informal systems, and how does this affect KT?Scenario planning, dashboards + dialogue, budgeting tools, feedback loops
Translation outcomesWhat tangible innovation results emerge from KT activities?Strategic alignment, feasibility, innovation pivots, investment attraction, project performance
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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