Human resource development (health), world uncertainty and structural transformation in Africa
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: Manufacturing value added | Dependent variable: Industrial value added | |||||
| Variables | FE | DK | SGMM | FE | DK | SGMM |
| (−1) Structural Transformation | 0.8246** (0.0253) | 0.4651** (0.0209) | ||||
| Human resource development | 0.7839** (0.3604) | 0.7839** (0.2271) | 0.5734** (0.1145) | 0.6226 (0.7516) | 0.6226 (0.4966) | 0.0330 (0.3254) |
| World uncertainty | 5.2265** (2.3777) | 1.1394** (0.1384) | 3.5346** (0.7688) | 8.1394 (5.5542) | 1.2180 (0.6640) | 3.5066 (2.2499) |
| World uncertainty* human resource development | −0.0741** (0.03481) | −0.0741** (0.0222) | −0.0579** (0.0111) | −0.0454 (0.0731) | −0.04547 (0.0545) | −0.0094 (0.0298) |
| Technological innovation | −2.5448 (2.8724) | −2.5448 (1.4145) | −2.4706* (0.9830) | 6.5160 (5.0937) | 6.5160 (3.8931) | 6.1636* (2.8954) |
| Infrastructure | −0.01972 (0.0351) | −0.0197 (0.0160) | 0.0251** (0.0079) | −0.0447 (0.0900) | −0.0447 (0.0488) | 0.0353 (0.0273) |
| Natural resource rent | −0.0225 (0.0233) | −0.0225 (0.02053) | −0.0340** (0.0060) | −0.56542** (0.1354) | −0.56542** (0.0317) | 0.5107** (0.0305) |
| Constant | −43.0213 (24.3751) | – | −32.7002** (7.6971) | −70.384 (56.7949) | – | −23.6436 (23.6596) |
| Net effect of HRD | −1813.7563 | −1813.7563 | −1417.2657 | na | na | na |
| Avoidable WUI | 10.5789 | 10.5789 | 9.9033 | nsa | nsa | nsa |
| Observations | 611 | 611 | 611 | 611 | 611 | 611 |
| Number of countries | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 |
| R-squared | 0.0264 | 0.0264 | – | 0.3712 | 0.3712 | – |
| Country effects | Yes | Yes | – | Yes | Yes | – |
| Year effects | Yes | Yes | – | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| F-test | 3.51 | 25.50 | 6247.24 | 12.01 | 5.61 | 896.81 |
| Prob > F | 0.0004 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0021 | 0.0000 |
| Hansen_test | – | – | 20.41 | – | – | 20.38 |
| Hansen prob | – | – | 0.496 | – | – | 0.497 |
| Sargan_test | – | – | 25.88 | – | – | 91.28 |
| Sargan prob | – | – | 0.211 | – | – | 9.71e-11 |
| AR(1)_test | – | – | −3.017 | – | – | −1.955 |
| AR(1)_p-value | – | – | 0.00255 | – | – | 0.0506 |
| AR(2)_test | – | – | −1.306 | – | – | 0.637 |
| AR(2)_p-value | – | – | 0.191 | – | – | 0.524 |
| No. of instruments | – | – | 39 | – | – | 39 |
| DHT for instruments | ||||||
| (a) Instruments in levels | ||||||
| H excluding group | – | – | 16.18 (0.095) | – | – | 17.82 (0.058) |
| Dif(null, H = exogenous) | – | – | 4.23 (0.963) | – | – | 2.56 (0.995) |
| (b) IV (years, eq(diff)) | – | – | ||||
| H excluding group | – | – | 15.69 (0.266) | – | – | 17.08 (0.196) |
| Dif(null, H = exogenous) | – | – | 4.71 (0.788) | – | – | 3.30 (0.914) |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: Manufacturing value added | Dependent variable: Industrial value added | |||||
| Variables | ||||||
| (−1) Structural Transformation | 0.8246** (0.0253) | 0.4651** (0.0209) | ||||
| Human resource development | 0.7839** (0.3604) | 0.7839** (0.2271) | 0.5734** (0.1145) | 0.6226 (0.7516) | 0.6226 (0.4966) | 0.0330 (0.3254) |
| World uncertainty | 5.2265** (2.3777) | 1.1394** (0.1384) | 3.5346** (0.7688) | 8.1394 (5.5542) | 1.2180 (0.6640) | 3.5066 (2.2499) |
| World uncertainty* human resource development | −0.0741** (0.03481) | −0.0741** (0.0222) | −0.0579** (0.0111) | −0.0454 (0.0731) | −0.04547 (0.0545) | −0.0094 (0.0298) |
| Technological innovation | −2.5448 (2.8724) | −2.5448 (1.4145) | −2.4706* (0.9830) | 6.5160 (5.0937) | 6.5160 (3.8931) | 6.1636* (2.8954) |
| Infrastructure | −0.01972 (0.0351) | −0.0197 (0.0160) | 0.0251** (0.0079) | −0.0447 (0.0900) | −0.0447 (0.0488) | 0.0353 (0.0273) |
| Natural resource rent | −0.0225 (0.0233) | −0.0225 (0.02053) | −0.0340** (0.0060) | −0.56542** (0.1354) | −0.56542** (0.0317) | 0.5107** (0.0305) |
| Constant | −43.0213 (24.3751) | – | −32.7002** (7.6971) | −70.384 (56.7949) | – | −23.6436 (23.6596) |
| Net effect of | −1813.7563 | −1813.7563 | −1417.2657 | na | na | na |
| Avoidable | 10.5789 | 10.5789 | 9.9033 | nsa | nsa | nsa |
| Observations | 611 | 611 | 611 | 611 | 611 | 611 |
| Number of countries | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 |
| 0.0264 | 0.0264 | – | 0.3712 | 0.3712 | – | |
| Country effects | Yes | Yes | – | Yes | Yes | – |
| Year effects | Yes | Yes | – | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| F-test | 3.51 | 25.50 | 6247.24 | 12.01 | 5.61 | 896.81 |
| Prob > F | 0.0004 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0021 | 0.0000 |
| Hansen_test | – | – | 20.41 | – | – | 20.38 |
| Hansen prob | – | – | 0.496 | – | – | 0.497 |
| Sargan_test | – | – | 25.88 | – | – | 91.28 |
| Sargan prob | – | – | 0.211 | – | – | 9.71e-11 |
| AR(1)_test | – | – | −3.017 | – | – | −1.955 |
| AR(1)_p-value | – | – | 0.00255 | – | – | 0.0506 |
| AR(2)_test | – | – | −1.306 | – | – | 0.637 |
| AR(2)_p-value | – | – | 0.191 | – | – | 0.524 |
| No. of instruments | – | – | 39 | – | – | 39 |
| (a) Instruments in levels | ||||||
| H excluding group | – | – | 16.18 (0.095) | – | – | 17.82 (0.058) |
| Dif(null, H = exogenous) | – | – | 4.23 (0.963) | – | – | 2.56 (0.995) |
| (b) | – | – | ||||
| H excluding group | – | – | 15.69 (0.266) | – | – | 17.08 (0.196) |
| Dif(null, H = exogenous) | – | – | 4.71 (0.788) | – | – | 3.30 (0.914) |
Result with health quality as a measure of human resource development. Standard errors in parentheses ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. na = not applicable and nsa = not specifically applicable, because at least one estimated coefficient required for calculating the net effect and/or threshold is not statistically significant
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