Table 2 Phases of the research carried... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Phases of the research carried out

Phase	Data collection techniques	Note
1	Survey with certified companies in Brazil. The survey examined internal and external motivations for adherence to certification, drawing on widely cited references in the ISO literature	The return rate for all certified companies nationwide is 42.7%. The sample consisted of 11% carriers, 29% logistics operators, 37% importers and exporters and 23% of other categories. The variety here contributes to not having selection bias (internal validity)
2	Expert interviews (for convenience). Data collection at the WCO World Conference in China in 2024. Private-sector interviewees have an average of 17 years of experience, while public-sector interviewees have an average of 8 years	18 interviews with experts from the private sector (6), public sector (11), international organisation/third sector (2), from 14 countries
3	Private sector seminar with the customs authority, mediated by the research group. The association of AEO companies in Brazil has 57 members and represents the private sector on this topic. On behalf of the customs authority, eight senior management representatives participated in the seminar	Research with social impact. The research group that developed this article aimed to stimulate mediation between the AEO business association and the customs administration. 90 (90) people attended the seminar.
4	Focus group, carried out in several rounds to diversify the representative samples	44 participants in different rounds. The participants are primarily from private companies, with consultants and lawyers specialised in the subject also present. This contributes to external validity (ecological validity and outcome validity)

Phase	Data collection techniques	Note
1	Survey with certified companies in Brazil. The survey examined internal and external motivations for adherence to certification, drawing on widely cited references in the ISO literature	The return rate for all certified companies nationwide is 42.7%. The sample consisted of 11% carriers, 29% logistics operators, 37% importers and exporters and 23% of other categories. The variety here contributes to not having selection bias (internal validity)
2	Expert interviews (for convenience). Data collection at the WCO World Conference in China in 2024. Private-sector interviewees have an average of 17 years of experience, while public-sector interviewees have an average of 8 years	18 interviews with experts from the private sector (6), public sector (11), international organisation/third sector (2), from 14 countries
3	Private sector seminar with the customs authority, mediated by the research group. The association of AEO companies in Brazil has 57 members and represents the private sector on this topic. On behalf of the customs authority, eight senior management representatives participated in the seminar	Research with social impact. The research group that developed this article aimed to stimulate mediation between the AEO business association and the customs administration. 90 (90) people attended the seminar.
4	Focus group, carried out in several rounds to diversify the representative samples	44 participants in different rounds. The participants are primarily from private companies, with consultants and lawyers specialised in the subject also present. This contributes to external validity (ecological validity and outcome validity)

Source(s): Elaborated by authors