Table 1 Paradata in domain-agnostic... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Paradata in domain-agnostic research data related standards

Standard	Processes covered	Process scope	Elements and representations (sample)	Granularity	Focus	Reference(s)
Data Package	Creation; Revisions	Data management	Licenses; Version (number); Sources (e.g. people, literature, identifiable using URIs and email addresses); Contributors (with role: author, publisher, maintainer, wrangler and contributor; organisation[al affiliation]); created (datetime)	Resource (Dataset)	Object-Attribute	Open Knowledge Foundation (2023)
DataCite Metadata Schema	Creation; Revisions	Identification; Retrieval	Creator (“main researchers involved in producing the data, or the authors of the publication, in priority order” with optional given name, family name, name identifier and affiliation sub-properties); Publisher (“name of the entity that holds, archives, publishes prints, distributes, releases, issues or produces the resource”; PublicationYear (date); Contributor (with optional given name, family name, name identifier and affiliation sub-properties) ContributorType (ContactPerson, DataCollector, DataCurator, DataManager, Distributor, Editor, HostingInstitution, Producer, ProjectLeader, ProjectManager, ProjectMember, RegistrationAgency, RegistrationAuthority, RelatedPerson, Researcher, ResearchGroup, RightsHolder, Sponsor, Supervisor, WorkPackageLeader, Other); Date (with type sub-property); RelatedItem (relation to another resource) Version (number); Rights (free text, URI, identifier); GeoLocation (with point, box, place and polygon sub-properties); FundingReference (with name, identifier and award related sub-properties)	Resource (Dataset)	Object-Attribute	DataCite Metadata Working Group (2021)
Dublin Core	Accrual; Creation; Replacement; Issuance; Modification; Replacement	Search; Retrieval	accrualMethod (value from Collection Description Accrual Method Vocabulary); accrualPeriodicity (value from Collection Description Frequency Vocabulary; accrualPolicy (value from the Collection Description Accrual Policy Vocabulary); audience (non-literal values from a vocabulary of audience types); available (date); conformsTo (standard); contributor (property: agent); created (date); creator (property: agent); date (related to the lifecycle of the resource – date); dateAccepted (date); dateCopyrighted (date); dateSubmitted (date); educationLevel (of the intended audience – property: agent); extent (size/duration – property); hasVersion (property); isPartOf (property); isReferencedBy (property: resource); isReplacedBy (property: resource); isRequiredBy (property: resource); issued (date); isVersionOf (property: resource); license (property: document); mediator (access to resource – property: agent); modified (date); provenance (free text); publisher (property: agent); references (property: resource); replaces (property: resource); requires (property: resource); rights (free text); rightsHolder (URI); source (URI); temporal (period of time); valid (date range)	Resource (Resource)	Object-Attribute	DCMI Usage Board (2020)
OAI-ORE (Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange)	(Data) lineage	Identify and describe the constituents of aggregations of digital resources	Lineage (relationships between two objects); proxyFor (aggregated resource); In addition uses Dublin Core Elements and Terms, Friend of a Friend Terms, RDF Terms and RDF Schema Terms	Aggregations of resources (Compound objects consisting of multiple distributed objects)	Object-Object	Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (2014)
PREMIS	Digital provenance (history of an object); Digital object lifecycle	Digital preservation	Comprehensive metadata model documenting objects, events, agents and rights, with an event entity that aggregates information related to one or more objects (description of events, dates, outcomes, agents involved), and metadata relating to objects documenting, e.g. preservationLevelRole (controlled vocabulary); preservationLevelValue (controlled vocabulary); preservationLevelRationale; preservationLevelRationale (free text); dates and agents for descriptions; versions; creatingApplication (name, version, date, extensions); inhibitors to access, use, migration; originalName; storage (where object is stored); environment used to render or execute an object; relationship (between objects, e.g. derivation; object sequences; to events; event sequences)	Resource (Digital object)	Entity-Relationship	PREMIS Editorial Committee (2015)
CERIF	Scientific research	Constituents of (incl. activities relating to) scientific research	Activity Types (incl. Project, Conference, Fellowship, Networking, Infrastructure, Studentship) and subtypes; Activity Structure (relationships); Activity Statuses; Events (conference, workshop); PersonEventInvolvement; Research Infrastructure Usage; Research data sets and databases (output)	Domain (Scientific research and its constituents)	Entity-Relationship	CERIF and CRIS Architectures Task Group (2012)
DDI	Research lifecycle in quantitative and qualitative social, behavioral, economic and health sciences research	Research lifecycle	Methodological objects (incl. sample selection, data capture, weighting, quality control, process management); Processing (incl. data capture, data processing, analysis, data management); Data management (incl. ownership, access, rights management, restrictions, quality standards, organization, agent management, relationship between products, versioning, provenance); Conceptual objects (incl. representation, universe); Quantitative and qualitative data objects (incl. universe, representation, usage, record relationships, storage, access)	Resource (Dataset)	Object-Attribute	DDI Alliance (2020)
PROV	Provenance	Exchange of provenance information in “heterogeneous environments such as the Web” (Groth and Moreau, 2013)	Entities; Activities; Agents	Resource (Provenance information relating to a resource)	Entity-Relationship	Groth and Moreau (2013)
NetCDF	History; Provenance	Modifications	History; Provenance attributes	Resource (Array-oriented scientific data)	Object-Attribute	Rew et al. (1989), Unidata (2019)

Standard	Processes covered	Process scope	Elements and representations (sample)	Granularity	Focus	Reference(s)
Data Package	Creation; Revisions	Data management	Licenses; Version (number); Sources (e.g. people, literature, identifiable using URIs and email addresses); Contributors (with role: author, publisher, maintainer, wrangler and contributor; organisation[al affiliation]); created (datetime)	Resource (Dataset)	Object-Attribute	Open Knowledge Foundation (2023)
DataCite Metadata Schema	Creation; Revisions	Identification; Retrieval	Creator (“main researchers involved in producing the data, or the authors of the publication, in priority order” with optional given name, family name, name identifier and affiliation sub-properties); Publisher (“name of the entity that holds, archives, publishes prints, distributes, releases, issues or produces the resource”; PublicationYear (date); Contributor (with optional given name, family name, name identifier and affiliation sub-properties) ContributorType (ContactPerson, DataCollector, DataCurator, DataManager, Distributor, Editor, HostingInstitution, Producer, ProjectLeader, ProjectManager, ProjectMember, RegistrationAgency, RegistrationAuthority, RelatedPerson, Researcher, ResearchGroup, RightsHolder, Sponsor, Supervisor, WorkPackageLeader, Other); Date (with type sub-property); RelatedItem (relation to another resource) Version (number); Rights (free text, URI, identifier); GeoLocation (with point, box, place and polygon sub-properties); FundingReference (with name, identifier and award related sub-properties)	Resource (Dataset)	Object-Attribute	DataCite Metadata Working Group (2021)
Dublin Core	Accrual; Creation; Replacement; Issuance; Modification; Replacement	Search; Retrieval	accrualMethod (value from Collection Description Accrual Method Vocabulary); accrualPeriodicity (value from Collection Description Frequency Vocabulary; accrualPolicy (value from the Collection Description Accrual Policy Vocabulary); audience (non-literal values from a vocabulary of audience types); available (date); conformsTo (standard); contributor (property: agent); created (date); creator (property: agent); date (related to the lifecycle of the resource – date); dateAccepted (date); dateCopyrighted (date); dateSubmitted (date); educationLevel (of the intended audience – property: agent); extent (size/duration – property); hasVersion (property); isPartOf (property); isReferencedBy (property: resource); isReplacedBy (property: resource); isRequiredBy (property: resource); issued (date); isVersionOf (property: resource); license (property: document); mediator (access to resource – property: agent); modified (date); provenance (free text); publisher (property: agent); references (property: resource); replaces (property: resource); requires (property: resource); rights (free text); rightsHolder (URI); source (URI); temporal (period of time); valid (date range)	Resource (Resource)	Object-Attribute	DCMI Usage Board (2020)
OAI-ORE (Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange)	(Data) lineage	Identify and describe the constituents of aggregations of digital resources	Lineage (relationships between two objects); proxyFor (aggregated resource); In addition uses Dublin Core Elements and Terms, Friend of a Friend Terms, RDF Terms and RDF Schema Terms	Aggregations of resources (Compound objects consisting of multiple distributed objects)	Object-Object	Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (2014)
PREMIS	Digital provenance (history of an object); Digital object lifecycle	Digital preservation	Comprehensive metadata model documenting objects, events, agents and rights, with an event entity that aggregates information related to one or more objects (description of events, dates, outcomes, agents involved), and metadata relating to objects documenting, e.g. preservationLevelRole (controlled vocabulary); preservationLevelValue (controlled vocabulary); preservationLevelRationale; preservationLevelRationale (free text); dates and agents for descriptions; versions; creatingApplication (name, version, date, extensions); inhibitors to access, use, migration; originalName; storage (where object is stored); environment used to render or execute an object; relationship (between objects, e.g. derivation; object sequences; to events; event sequences)	Resource (Digital object)	Entity-Relationship	PREMIS Editorial Committee (2015)
CERIF	Scientific research	Constituents of (incl. activities relating to) scientific research	Activity Types (incl. Project, Conference, Fellowship, Networking, Infrastructure, Studentship) and subtypes; Activity Structure (relationships); Activity Statuses; Events (conference, workshop); PersonEventInvolvement; Research Infrastructure Usage; Research data sets and databases (output)	Domain (Scientific research and its constituents)	Entity-Relationship	CERIF and CRIS Architectures Task Group (2012)
DDI	Research lifecycle in quantitative and qualitative social, behavioral, economic and health sciences research	Research lifecycle	Methodological objects (incl. sample selection, data capture, weighting, quality control, process management); Processing (incl. data capture, data processing, analysis, data management); Data management (incl. ownership, access, rights management, restrictions, quality standards, organization, agent management, relationship between products, versioning, provenance); Conceptual objects (incl. representation, universe); Quantitative and qualitative data objects (incl. universe, representation, usage, record relationships, storage, access)	Resource (Dataset)	Object-Attribute	DDI Alliance (2020)
PROV	Provenance	Exchange of provenance information in “heterogeneous environments such as the Web” (Groth and Moreau, 2013)	Entities; Activities; Agents	Resource (Provenance information relating to a resource)	Entity-Relationship	Groth and Moreau (2013)
NetCDF	History; Provenance	Modifications	History; Provenance attributes	Resource (Array-oriented scientific data)	Object-Attribute	Rew et al. (1989), Unidata (2019)