Table 6

Entropy balancing

Panel A − Comparison between treated firms and control firms after entropy balancing
Model (1)Treated (N = 19,621)Control (N = 58,902)  
 MeanVarMeanVarStdz.Diff.Var. Ratio
SIZE5.4035.2355.4035.2350.0001.000
AGE2.6830.5342.6830.5340.0001.000
ROA0.0780.0440.0780.0440.0001.000
RETURN0.3181.3930.3181.3930.0001.000
INDCONC0.0210.0190.0210.0190.0001.000
Model (2)Treated (N = 19,621)Control (N = 58,902)  
 MeanVarMeanVarStdz.Diff.Var. Ratio
SIZE5.3955.5605.3955.5600.0001.000
AGE2.6380.5502.6380.5500.0001.000
ROA0.0510.0620.0510.0620.0001.000
RETURN0.3511.6450.3511.6450.0001.000
INDCONC0.0260.0180.0260.0180.0001.000
Model (3)Treated (N = 19,621)Control (N = 58,902)  
 MeanVarMeanVarStdz.Diff.Var. Ratio
SIZE5.4175.4135.4175.4130.0001.000
AGE2.6780.5542.6780.5540.0001.000
ROA0.0550.0580.0550.0580.0001.000
RETURN0.3231.4300.3231.4300.0001.000
INDCONC0.0250.0190.0250.0190.0001.000
Model (4)Treated (N = 19,621)Control (N = 58,902)  
 MeanVarMeanVarStdz.Diff.Var. Ratio
SIZE5.6445.7315.6445.7320.0001.000
AGE2.7010.5482.7000.5480.0011.000
ROA0.0550.0560.0550.0560.0001.000
RETURN0.3231.5880.3231.5880.0001.000
INDCONC0.0050.0140.0050.0140.0001.000
Model (5)Treated (N = 15,181)Control (N = 45,909)  
 MeanVarMeanVarStdz.Diff.Var. Ratio
SIZE5.5455.4015.5455.4010.0001.000
AGE2.7280.4962.7280.4960.0001.000
ROA0.0740.0440.0740.0440.0001.000
RETURN0.3021.3580.3021.3580.0001.000
INDCONC0.0030.0150.0030.0150.0001.000
CEOTURN0.1350.1170.1350.1170.0001.000
CEODUALITY0.5880.2420.5880.2420.0001.000
BOARDSIZE1.4170.7461.4170.7460.0001.000
Model (6)Treated (N = 15,181)Control (N = 45,909)  
 MeanVarMeanVarStdz.Diff.Var. Ratio
SIZE5.5805.6995.5805.7010.0001.000
AGE2.6850.5192.6850.5200.0000.998
ROA0.0380.0670.0380.0670.0001.000
RETURN0.3451.6980.3451.6970.0001.001
INDCONC0.0070.0150.0070.0150.0001.000
CEOTURN0.1350.1170.1350.1170.0001.000
CEODUALITY0.5660.2460.5660.2460.0001.000
BOARDSIZE1.4210.7591.4210.7590.0001.000
Model (7)Treated (N = 15,200)Control (N = 45,890)  
 MeanVarMeanVarStdz.Diff.Var. Ratio
SIZE5.5715.5745.5715.5740.0001.000
AGE2.7390.5142.7390.5140.0001.000
ROA0.0440.0630.0440.0630.0001.000
RETURN0.2971.3870.2971.3870.0001.000
INDCONC0.0060.0150.0060.0150.0001.000
CEOTURN0.1360.1180.1360.1180.0001.000
CEODUALITY0.5740.2450.5740.2450.0001.000
BOARDSIZE1.4080.7651.4080.7650.0001.000
Model (8)Treated (N = 14,960)Control (N = 46,130)  
 MeanVarMeanVarStdz.Diff.Var. Ratio
SIZE5.7065.5255.7065.5250.0001.000
AGE2.7140.5442.7140.5440.0001.000
ROA0.0560.0550.0560.0550.0001.000
RETURN0.3251.5920.3251.5920.0001.000
INDCONC0.0030.0140.0030.0140.0001.000
CEOTURN0.1380.1190.1380.1190.0001.000
CEODUALITY0.5890.2420.5890.2420.0001.000
BOARDSIZE1.4450.7551.4450.7550.0001.000
Panel B – Weighted least squared regressions of STRG
Variables(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
REGIN_REG−0.092***   −0.085***   
(−8.615)   (−7.408)   
REGIN_RESP −0.057***   −0.067***  
 (−6.468)   (−5.958)  
REGIN_TIME  −0.059***   −0.062*** 
  (−7.264)   (−6.267) 
REGIN_DOLLAR   −0.022***   −0.022***
   (−3.104)   (−3.054)
SIZE−0.036**0.0010.000−0.012−0.046**−0.009−0.009−0.026
(−2.275)(0.084)(0.014)(−0.667)(−2.357)(−0.465)(−0.491)(−1.406)
AGE−0.103***−0.117***−0.121***−0.147***−0.126***−0.144***−0.141***−0.161***
(−5.976)(−6.372)(−6.643)(−6.181)(−5.683)(−5.738)(−5.809)(−6.611)
ROA−0.279***−0.328***−0.322***−0.309***−0.267***−0.321***−0.316***−0.297***
(−18.661)(−20.918)(−20.544)(−17.047)(−14.774)(−17.237)(−16.820)(−16.524)
RETURN0.021***0.025***0.023***0.014**0.012**0.018***0.017***0.012**
(4.062)(4.691)(4.343)(2.345)(2.134)(2.933)(2.797)(2.086)
INDCONC0.009**0.006*0.008**0.014***0.014***0.011***0.012***0.012***
(2.361)(1.887)(2.307)(3.473)(3.525)(3.065)(3.642)(3.283)
CEOTURN    0.0050.0010.0030.003
    (1.149)(0.294)(0.591)(0.595)
CEODUALITY    −0.003−0.004−0.003−0.001
    (−0.398)(−0.461)(−0.359)(−0.133)
BOARDSIZE    0.026**0.036***0.035***0.031***
    (2.560)(3.176)(3.340)(2.791)
Constant0.522***0.352***0.369***0.327***0.359**0.307**0.257*0.347***
(11.961)(10.220)(10.773)(7.481)(2.486)(2.278)(1.856)(7.916)
Observations78,52378,52378,52364,37861,09061,09061,09060,021
Adj. R-squared0.4920.5390.5390.5460.5150.5670.5680.547
Year fixed effectYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Firm fixed effectYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Clustered std err by firmYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes

Note(s): This table presents the results of the Entropy balancing approach. We use the 4th quartile of the sample distribution of REGIN_REG/REGIN_RESP/EGIN_TIME/REGIN_DOLLAR to define firms with higher levels of regulatory intensity (treated firms) and lower levels of regulatory intensity (control firms). Panel A compares the distributional moments for the control variables after balancing the treated and control firms. Model numbers indicate which baseline model is used. Std.Diff. is the difference in the mean values of the control variables between the treated and the control samples, standardized by the standard deviations of the corresponding variables of the treated sample. Var. Ratio is the ratio of variance in the treated sample to the variance in the control sample. Panel B shows the regression results using the Entropy-balanced sample. Refer to Appendix A for detailed variable definitions. We winsorize all continuous variables at the upper and lower 1% of the sample distribution. ***, ** and * indicate significance at the 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal