Table 2 Measurement model–reliability,...

Table 2

Measurement model–reliability, validity and discriminant validity

PANEL A. Reliability and validity
Variables	Cronbach’s Alpha	Dijkstra-Henseler rho	CRI	AVE
Lean 4.0	0.911	0.920	0.938	0.791
Digital technology Industry 4.0	0.929	0.935	0.942	0.684
Logistics 4.0	0.934	0.937	0.944	0.653

PANEL A. Reliability and validity
Lean 4.0	0.911	0.920	0.938	0.791
Digital technology Industry 4.0	0.929	0.935	0.942	0.684
Logistics 4.0	0.934	0.937	0.944	0.653

PANEL B. Fornell-Larcker criterion				Heterotrait–Monotrait ratio (HTMT)
Variables	1	2	3	1	2	3
1. Lean 4.0	0.889
2. Digital Technology Industry 4.0	0.543	0.821		0.524
3. Logistics 4.0	0.402	0.559	0.808	0.430	0.578

PANEL B. Fornell-Larcker criterion				Heterotrait–Monotrait ratio (HTMT)
Variables	1	2	3	1	2	3
1. Lean 4.0	0.889
2. Digital Technology Industry 4.0	0.543	0.821		0.524
3. Logistics 4.0	0.402	0.559	0.808	0.430	0.578

Note(s): PANEL B: Fornell-Larcker Criterion: Diagonal elements (bold) are the square root of the variance shared between the constructs and their measures (AVE). For discriminant validity, diagonal elements should be larger than off-diagonal elements

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