Table A1

Instrument item

VariablesInstrument itemReferences
HRM practiceSelective staffingHow extensive is the employee selection process for a job in this unit? (e.g. use of tests, interviews, etc.)Snell and Dean (1992) 
How important is it to select the best person for a given job?
In general, how long does it take to select someone for a position in this unit once the job becomes open?
How many people are involved in the selection decision?
How much money is generally spent in selecting people for a job?
How many applicants are screened for each person hired for a job?
How much importance is placed on the staffing process in this unit?
Comprehensive trainingHow extensive is the training process for members of your work unit?
How much priority is placed on training employees in your unit?
How formal or structured is the training process?
What percentage of people have received training this past year?
On average, how many hours of formal training does a typical member of your work unit receive per year?
How many different kinds of training programs are available for members of your work unit to attend?
How much money is spent on training individuals in your work unit?
Do you feel training is viewed as a cost or as an investment?
Developmental performance appraisalHow much effort is given to measuring employee performance?
How would you describe the performance standards in your unit?
How much do employees participate in goal setting and appraisal?
How often is performance discussed with employees?
Do discussions focus on present performance or future performance?
When performance is discussed, how much emphasis is placed on finding avenues of personal development for an employee?
How closely are raises, promotions, etc., tied to performance appraisal?
How would you describe the approach used to discuss performance?
How many people provide input to the performance evaluation of each employee?
Equitable reward systemHow would you rate pay levels in this unit relative to other firms?
How would you rate the pay levels in this unit relative to past years?
The wages in this work unit are not very competitive in this industry
How much emphasis is placed on paying people in this work unit what they would be paid on similar jobs in other companies?
How closely is pay tied to individual performance?
How wide is the range in pay across members in this work unit?
To what extent do differences in pay across members of this work unit represent differences in their contribution?
To what extent are people paid what they are worth compared to others in the work unit?
Developer experienceDevelopers are intrigued when they use the platformLee and Pan (2021) 
The platform is attractive
Developers get a positive feeling from the platform
Developers feel value from the platform
Innovative behaviorYou search out new technologies, processes, techniques, and/or product ideasScott and Bruce’s (1994) 
You generate creative ideas
You promote and champion ideas to others
You investigate and secure funds needed to implement new ideas
You develop adequate plans and schedules for the implementation of new ideas
You are innovative
GenderPlease indicate your gender 
AgeWhat is your age? 
Work experienceHow long have you worked at your current organization? 
Educational levelWhat is your job title? 

Source(s): Table by author

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