Industrial decarbonization capabilities
| Category | Index | Capability | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy efficiency, renewables and low-carbon tech | D1 | Energy efficiency improvement | (Agrawal et al., 2023; Gavahian, 2024; Pan and Pan, 2021) |
| D2 | Renewable energy adoption | (Lu and Qiao, 2024; Orsini and Marrone, 2019; Pan and Pan, 2021) | |
| D3 | Low-carbon technology integration (i.e. carbon capture and storage) | (Bui et al., 2024; Cormos, 2025; Koilo, 2024; Pan and Pan, 2021; Yadav et al., 2024) | |
| D4 | Energy market development | (Miklautsch and Woschank, 2022) | |
| Carbon management and policy | D5 | Carbon pricing and trading (i.e. emission trading scheme, carbon market) | (Ambekar et al., 2019; Chaturvedi et al., 2024; Liu and Zhu, 2024) |
| D6 | Carbon information management and disclosure | (Ambekar et al., 2019) | |
| D7 | Greenhouse gas (GHG) measuring and reporting | (Lu and Qiao, 2024; Miklautsch and Woschank, 2022) | |
| D8 | GHG regulation and climate institutions | (Chaturvedi et al., 2024; Gavahian, 2024; Pan and Pan, 2021; Virmani et al., 2022) | |
| CE and resource management | D9 | Application of sustainable materials, waste management and recycling | (Ambekar et al., 2019; Gavahian, 2024; Orsini and Marrone, 2019; Yadav et al., 2024) |
| D10 | CE awareness from top management and consumers, knowledge and stakeholder engagement | (Yadav et al., 2023) | |
| D11 | Presence of economic and technical incentives and enablers for CE | (Agrawal et al., 2023; Kumar et al., 2023) | |
| Organizational culture, strategy and governance | D12 | Top management support and commitment | (Agrawal et al., 2023; Bui et al., 2024; Jabbour et al., 2015; Lopes de Sousa Jabbour et al., 2020; Miklautsch and Woschank, 2022; Virmani et al., 2022) |
| D13 | Behavior change and employee engagement | (Govindan, 2023; Jabbour et al., 2015; Ohene et al., 2023; Pan and Pan, 2021) | |
| D14 | Adoption of a green brand and low-carbon business opportunities | (Kumar et al., 2023; Lopes de Sousa Jabbour et al., 2020) | |
| D15 | Organizational structure and decision-making | (Agrawal et al., 2023; Peel et al., 2020; Virmani et al., 2022) | |
| D16 | Strong organizational culture, governance, corporate social responsibility and policy | (Kozlowska et al., 2024; Miklautsch and Woschank, 2022; Pan and Pan, 2021; Pan and Xiao, 2025; Virmani et al., 2022) | |
| Technology, R&D and digital transformation | D17 | Digitalization and presence of data analytics (i.e. business intelligence, digital self-service technology) | (Agrawal et al., 2023; Govindan, 2023) |
| D18 | Automation and advanced manufacturing (i.e. high computing power, information and communication technologies) | (Agrawal et al., 2023; Virmani et al., 2022) | |
| D19 | R&D, technology and infrastructure development | (Gavahian, 2024; Govindan, 2023; Kumar et al., 2023; Matviychuk et al., 2024; Miklautsch and Woschank, 2022; Pan and Xiao, 2025; Popp et al., 2024; Virmani et al., 2022) | |
| D20 | Real-time sensing and monitoring | (Agrawal et al., 2023) | |
| Stakeholder engagement and collaboration | D21 | Stakeholder collaboration and negotiation | (Lopes de Sousa Jabbour et al., 2020; Matviychuk et al., 2024; Virmani et al., 2022) |
| D22 | Procurement and interorganizational cooperation | (Miklautsch and Woschank, 2022; Ohene et al., 2023) | |
| D23 | Awareness of users and supply chain (stakeholders’ sustainability awareness) | (Koilo, 2024; Virmani et al., 2022) | |
| Skills, knowledge and education | D24 | Employee training and development in sustainability | (Gavahian, 2024; Jabbour et al., 2015; Miklautsch and Woschank, 2022; Pan and Pan, 2021; Popp et al., 2024; Virmani et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2018) |
| D25 | Workforce existing expertise and skill management | (Dohale et al., 2024; Virmani et al., 2022; Wehden et al., 2025) | |
| Financial and economic tools | D26 | Cost management and availability of financial resources (i.e. life cycle cost management, strategic investments) | (Agrawal et al., 2023; Ambekar et al., 2019; Dohale et al., 2024; Miklautsch and Woschank, 2022; Virmani et al., 2022) |
| D27 | Financial and economic capabilities (i.e. financing instruments, incentive schemes) | (Chaturvedi et al., 2024; Dohale et al., 2024; Kozlowska et al., 2024; Matviychuk et al., 2024) | |
| Operations and efficiency | D28 | Operational efficiency and service (i.e. improvement of time to market) | (Agrawal et al., 2023; Koilo, 2024; Miklautsch and Woschank, 2022) |
| D29 | Process resilience and product quality (i.e. adoption of higher product safety, increased customization) | (Agrawal et al., 2023) | |
| D30 | Flexible and robust manufacturing | (Agrawal et al., 2023; Miklautsch and Woschank, 2022) |
| Category | Index | Capability | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy efficiency, renewables and low-carbon tech | D1 | Energy efficiency improvement | ( |
| D2 | Renewable energy adoption | ( | |
| D3 | Low-carbon technology integration (i.e. carbon capture and storage) | ( | |
| D4 | Energy market development | ( | |
| Carbon management and policy | D5 | Carbon pricing and trading (i.e. emission trading scheme, carbon market) | ( |
| D6 | Carbon information management and disclosure | ( | |
| D7 | Greenhouse gas ( | ( | |
| D8 | ( | ||
| D9 | Application of sustainable materials, waste management and recycling | ( | |
| D10 | ( | ||
| D11 | Presence of economic and technical incentives and enablers for | ( | |
| Organizational culture, strategy and governance | D12 | Top management support and commitment | ( |
| D13 | Behavior change and employee engagement | ( | |
| D14 | Adoption of a green brand and low-carbon business opportunities | ( | |
| D15 | Organizational structure and decision-making | ( | |
| D16 | Strong organizational culture, governance, corporate social responsibility and policy | ( | |
| Technology, R&D and digital transformation | D17 | Digitalization and presence of data analytics (i.e. business intelligence, digital self-service technology) | ( |
| D18 | Automation and advanced manufacturing (i.e. high computing power, information and communication technologies) | ( | |
| D19 | R&D, technology and infrastructure development | ( | |
| D20 | Real-time sensing and monitoring | ( | |
| Stakeholder engagement and collaboration | D21 | Stakeholder collaboration and negotiation | ( |
| D22 | Procurement and interorganizational cooperation | ( | |
| D23 | Awareness of users and supply chain (stakeholders’ sustainability awareness) | ( | |
| Skills, knowledge and education | D24 | Employee training and development in sustainability | ( |
| D25 | Workforce existing expertise and skill management | ( | |
| Financial and economic tools | D26 | Cost management and availability of financial resources (i.e. life cycle cost management, strategic investments) | ( |
| D27 | Financial and economic capabilities (i.e. financing instruments, incentive schemes) | ( | |
| Operations and efficiency | D28 | Operational efficiency and service (i.e. improvement of time to market) | ( |
| D29 | Process resilience and product quality (i.e. adoption of higher product safety, increased customization) | ( | |
| D30 | Flexible and robust manufacturing | ( |
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