Table 3.

Dependent, independent and control variables in NMS research

VariableDependent variableIndependent variableControl variable
LegitimacyAkbar and Kisilowski, 2020; Peprah et al., 2024; Ma and Xue, 2024, Ayyagari et al., 2024   
Market turbulence Rodgers et al.., 2019 Zhang et al.., 2020 
firm performanceZhang et al., 2020; Harris and Brown, 2021; Parnell, 2018; Mellahi et al., 2015; Köseoglu et al., 2020; Rudy and Cavich, 2020; Prabhat and Primo, 2019; Gupta, et al., 2020; Rodgers et al., 2019; Colombo et al., 2020; Bitencourt et al., 2019; Gupta, et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2020; Rajwani and Liedong, 2015; Hadani et al., 2015; Adomako et al., 2023; Saeed et al., 2024   
Corporate political activityShi et al., 2021; Liou et al., 2021; Adomako et al., 2023; Kim, and Siegel, 2024; Brown et al., 2022 Harris and Brown, 2021; Mellahi et al., 2015; Mbalyohere and Lawton, 2018; Curran and Eckhardt, 2020; Rudy and Cavich, 2020; Prabhat and Primo, 2019; Wrona and Sinzig, 2018; Hadani et al., 2015; Harris and Brown, 2021; Rajwani and Liedong, 2015; Kim, 2022; Johnson et al., 2021, Katic and Hillman, 2023  
Management capabilityParnell, 2018 Holzmayer and Schmidt, 2020; Doh et al., 2015; Bucheli and DeBerge, 2024; Saeed et al., 2024  
Marketing capabilityParnell, 2018; Köseoglu et al.., 2020; Moreno et al.., 2020; Hoque et al., 2020; Peterson et al.., 2020; Foerstl et al., 2020; Liou et al., 2021   
Uncertainty technologyParnell, 2018; Parnell, 2015   
Uncertainty competitionParnell, 2018; Parnell, 2015 Ren and Gao, 2023  
Technological capabilityGao et al.., 2018; Wang and Gao, 2020   
Institutional capital Peprah et al., 2024 Gao et al.., 2018 
Technology commercialization capabilityGao et al.., 2018 Daspit et al. 2018  
Relational corporate political activityVan-Kranenburg and Voinea 2017,Gao et al.., 2018; Schnyder and Sallai, 2020; Nyamrunda and Freeman, 2021  
Participation in corporate political activity Gao et al.., 2018  
Corporate social responsibility Mellahi et al., 2015; Curran and Eckhardt, 2020; Wrona and Sinzig, 2018; Rajwani and Liedong, 2015  
Political capability/ties Schnyder and Sallai, 2020; Parnell, 2015; Doh et al., 2015; Adomako et al.., 2023; Zheng et al.., 2022; Tzeng, 2023  
Transactional political capabilitySchnyder and Sallai, 2020, Van-Kranenburg and Voinea 2017
Organizational political capabilitySchnyder and Sallai, 2020   
Organizational resources and capabilitiesYuan et al., 2021 Gupta et al., 2020; Alinaghiana et al., 2020; Gaudenzi et al., 2021; Rodgers et al., 2019; Colombo et al., 2020; Holzmayer and Schmidt, 2020; Glyptis et al., 2021; Enkel and Sagmeister, 2020; Bitencourt et al., 2019; Gupta, et al., 2018, Haapanen, et al. 2019, Moreno et al., 2020, Daspit et al. 2018, Surmeier, 2020; Peterson et al., 2020; Liou et al., 2021  
Merger and acquisitionHaapanen, et al. 2019   
Strategic agility Nyamrunda and Freeman, 2021  
Lobbying capabilityShi et al., 2021 Nalick et al., 2022  
Political animosityLiou et al., 2021   
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