Constructs under study
| Constructs | Questions | Item source (s) |
|---|---|---|
| IJV performance | How satisfied is your firm with the performance of the IJV in terms of (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88) (Very unsatisfied 1–5 Very satisfied): | Items 1, 2 and 4: Geringer and Hebert (1991); Krishnan et al. (2006) and Lane et al. (2001) |
| 1) Overall performance, 2) Profitability, 3) Market share, 4) Achieving the goals set for IJV | Item 3: Geringer and Hebert (1991) and Lane et al. (2001) | |
| Conflict | (1) Please indicate the frequency of disagreements between your firm and your partner firm on the strategic issues of the IJV (Never 1–5 always) | Adopted from Demirbag and Mirza (2000), Kemp and Ghauri (2001), Hsieh et al. (2010), and Yavas et al. (1994) |
| (2) Conflicts on the strategic issues of the IJV are quite common between your firm and your partner firm (Strongly disagree 1–5 Strongly agree) | ||
| Conflict resolution strategies | When there are disagreements between your firm and your partner firm on the strategic issues of the IJV, your firm’s actions are: | Adopted from Lin and Germain (1998) and Lu (2006) |
| Problem-solving strategy (Cronbach’s alpha 0.87) (Never 1–5 Always) | ||
| (1) Use the spirit of mutual consensus to fully satisfy both own and partner firm concerns | ||
| (2) Actively work with partner firm to find a solution fully acceptable to both partners | ||
| Compromising (Cronbach’s alpha 0.91) (Never 1–5 Always) | ||
| (1) Use “give and take” to achieve compromise | ||
| (2) Find a middle ground to resolve an impasse | ||
| Forcing (Cronbach’s alpha 0.90) (Never 1–5 Always) | ||
| (1) Use our management authority to select our proposal | ||
| (2) Use power to get our decision accepted | ||
| Control variables | (a) IJV age – measured as number of years since the IJV was set up | – a and b adopted from Mohr and Puck (2005) |
| (b) Prior IJV experience – measured as number of firm’s IJVs before the formation of current IJV | – c adapted from Bener and Glaister (2010) | |
| (c) National cultural distance – The respondents were asked if the national culture (traditions and values) of the partner greatly differs from yours on scale from “1” = strongly disagree to “5” = strongly agree |
| Constructs | Questions | Item source (s) |
|---|---|---|
| How satisfied is your firm with the performance of the | Items 1, 2 and 4: | |
| 1) Overall performance, 2) Profitability, 3) Market share, 4) Achieving the goals set for | Item 3: | |
| Conflict | (1) Please indicate the frequency of disagreements between your firm and your partner firm on the strategic issues of the | Adopted from |
| (2) Conflicts on the strategic issues of the | ||
| Conflict resolution strategies | When there are disagreements between your firm and your partner firm on the strategic issues of the IJV, your firm’s actions are: | Adopted from |
| Problem-solving strategy (Cronbach’s alpha 0.87) (Never 1–5 Always) | ||
| (1) Use the spirit of mutual consensus to fully satisfy both own and partner firm concerns | ||
| (2) Actively work with partner firm to find a solution fully acceptable to both partners | ||
| Compromising (Cronbach’s alpha 0.91) (Never 1–5 Always) | ||
| (1) Use “give and take” to achieve compromise | ||
| (2) Find a middle ground to resolve an impasse | ||
| Forcing (Cronbach’s alpha 0.90) (Never 1–5 Always) | ||
| (1) Use our management authority to select our proposal | ||
| (2) Use power to get our decision accepted | ||
| Control variables | (a) | – a and b adopted from |
| (b) Prior | – c adapted from Bener and Glaister (2010) | |
| (c) National cultural distance – The respondents were asked if the national culture (traditions and values) of the partner greatly differs from yours on scale from “1” = strongly disagree to “5” = strongly agree |
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