Table 1 Geopolitical, economic and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Geopolitical, economic and environmental events impacting logistics research (1990–2023)

Period	Event and research implications
1990–1991	Gulf War → Brought renewed attention to large-scale operational and military logistics, emphasizing lessons transferable to business logistics
1997	Asian Financial Crisis → Highlighted rising transportation costs, currency risks and the vulnerabilities associated with outsourcing
1997	Kyoto Protocol → Stimulated research on the environmental impacts of transportation, international trade agreements and their implications for global supply chains
2001	September 11 Terrorist Attacks → Led to studies on the effects of terrorism on transportation costs, security measures and increased supply chain risks
2003	Iraq War → Renewed focus on large-scale military logistics, military–private cooperation and logistical support for international relief operations
2005–2010	Major Natural Disasters (Kashmir and Hurricane Katrina, 2005; Cyclone Nargis, 2008; Haiti Earthquake, 2010) → Marked the emergence of theory development in humanitarian logistics and non-profit organizational supply chains readiness
2007–2008	Global Financial Crisis and Recession → Generated research on the impacts of declining international trade on service providers, transport volumes and freight costs
2008–2012	Piracy off the Somali Coast (Gulf of Aden) → Disrupted international shipping routes, increased freight costs and extended transit times
2010	Escalation of International Trade Disputes over Rare Earth Elements → Exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains dependent on critical raw materials
2011	Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan (Fukushima) → Caused severe disruptions in automotive and electronics industries; intensified focus on dual and multiple sourcing strategies
2014	Russian Annexation of Crimea → Heightened uncertainty in grain supply, increased food and transport costs, and renewed attention to reshoring strategies
2015	Paris Agreement → Reinforced the importance of sustainability, encouraging the development of green logistics solutions and discussions on mechanisms such as carbon taxation
2016	Brexit Referendum → Triggered structural changes in international logistics networks and sourcing strategies within and beyond Europe
2020–2022	COVID-19 Pandemic → Exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains due to lockdowns and border restrictions, highlighting the risks of zero-inventory strategies
2021	Suez Canal Blockage (Ever Given Incident) → Halted approximately 12% of world trade for several days, emphasizing supply chain fragility and the strategic relevance of nearshoring
2022	Russian Invasion of Ukraine → Intensified geopolitical tensions, causing disruptions in supply chains and spare parts availability across multiple material systems. Increased focus on self-sufficiency, autonomy
2023	Advances in Artificial Intelligence Adoption → Opened new avenues for logistics research concerning AI-driven transport monitoring, sourcing optimization, and SCM

Period	Event and research implications
1990–1991	Gulf War → Brought renewed attention to large-scale operational and military logistics, emphasizing lessons transferable to business logistics
1997	Asian Financial Crisis → Highlighted rising transportation costs, currency risks and the vulnerabilities associated with outsourcing
1997	Kyoto Protocol → Stimulated research on the environmental impacts of transportation, international trade agreements and their implications for global supply chains
2001	September 11 Terrorist Attacks → Led to studies on the effects of terrorism on transportation costs, security measures and increased supply chain risks
2003	Iraq War → Renewed focus on large-scale military logistics, military–private cooperation and logistical support for international relief operations
2005–2010	Major Natural Disasters (Kashmir and Hurricane Katrina, 2005; Cyclone Nargis, 2008; Haiti Earthquake, 2010) → Marked the emergence of theory development in humanitarian logistics and non-profit organizational supply chains readiness
2007–2008	Global Financial Crisis and Recession → Generated research on the impacts of declining international trade on service providers, transport volumes and freight costs
2008–2012	Piracy off the Somali Coast (Gulf of Aden) → Disrupted international shipping routes, increased freight costs and extended transit times
2010	Escalation of International Trade Disputes over Rare Earth Elements → Exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains dependent on critical raw materials
2011	Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan (Fukushima) → Caused severe disruptions in automotive and electronics industries; intensified focus on dual and multiple sourcing strategies
2014	Russian Annexation of Crimea → Heightened uncertainty in grain supply, increased food and transport costs, and renewed attention to reshoring strategies
2015	Paris Agreement → Reinforced the importance of sustainability, encouraging the development of green logistics solutions and discussions on mechanisms such as carbon taxation
2016	Brexit Referendum → Triggered structural changes in international logistics networks and sourcing strategies within and beyond Europe
2020–2022	COVID-19 Pandemic → Exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains due to lockdowns and border restrictions, highlighting the risks of zero-inventory strategies
2021	Suez Canal Blockage (Ever Given Incident) → Halted approximately 12% of world trade for several days, emphasizing supply chain fragility and the strategic relevance of nearshoring
2022	Russian Invasion of Ukraine → Intensified geopolitical tensions, causing disruptions in supply chains and spare parts availability across multiple material systems. Increased focus on self-sufficiency, autonomy
2023	Advances in Artificial Intelligence Adoption → Opened new avenues for logistics research concerning AI-driven transport monitoring, sourcing optimization, and SCM