Table 3

GHG regulation of a transport chain by impact type

Regulation/voluntary frameworkCustomer/cargo ownerRoad transportSea transportPort/terminalReporting requirementEmission reduction targetTechnical requirementCost impact
Customer requirementsXXXXCustomer specificCompany specificCompany specificEnergy efficiency and emission reduction costs
Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD)XXXXScope 1,2,3, energy consumption, emissions (CO2eq), turnover-based GHG-intensity   
ISO 14083 standardXXXXStandard for calculating and reporting transport emissions   
Renewable Energy DirectiveXXX   Technical criteria of alternative fuelsRenewable fuels more expensive than conventional
Science based targets (scope 3)XXXX Net zero by 2050  
First Mover coalitionXXXX Net zero by 2050  
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)X   Default values by the commission, Direct and indirect emissions  Increases the price of imports
Count emissions EUXXXX    
EU Energy Taxation Directive (ETD)XXXX  Technical criteria on definition of fuelsEnergy taxes increase the price of energy
EU Taxonomy for sustainable activitiesXXX Shares of taxonomy-aligned and non-aligned activities   
Greenhouse Gas ProtocolXXXXMinimum scope 1 and 2 emissions, WTWCompany specific  
EU Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Requirement (AFIR)  XX  Requirement to have alternative fuel infrastructure in place and for usage, e.g. in portsInvestments to alternative fuel infrastructure and equipment
EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD)XXXXPlan for climate change mitigation, emission reduction targets (2030–2050) for scope 1,2,3 emissions   
EU Emission Trading System (ETS)  X Default or actual emission factors, TTWEU target −55% by 2030, carbon neutral by 2050 Fuel cost increased due to price of carbon
EU Emission Trading System (ETS) II X  Default or actual emission factors, TTWEU target −55% by 2030, carbon neutral by 2050 Fuel cost increased due to price of carbon
EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED) II/III XX(X)  Technical criteria for production and content of renewable fuelsRenewable fuels more expensive than conventional fuels
Euro 7 X   NOx (−62%), CH4 (−13%)Technical criteria for maximum level of emissions 
Fuel EU Maritime  X WTW default emission factors or actual GHG emissions of fuelcarbon intensity −2% by 2025 - > −80% by 2050Requirements on carbon intensity of fuelsLow-carbon fuels more expensive than conventional fuels
Global Logistics Emissions Council (GLEC) framework XXXIndustry standard of utilization of ISO14083   
HDV CO2 standard X   −45% (2030), −65% (2035), −90% (2040)Technical criteria for maximum level of emissionsEmission reduction technology more expensive than old technology
IMO Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII)  X According to IMO DCS−40% (2030) −70% (2050)Requirements on carbon intensity of transport workLow-carbon fuels more expensive, investments on energy efficient technologies
IMO Data Collection System (DCS)  X TTW default emission factors or actual CO2 content of fuel   
IMO Energy Efficiency Design Index EEXI/EEDI  X According to IMO DCS−40% (2030) −70% (2050)Requirements on energy efficiencyInvestments on energy efficient technologies
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV)  X TTW default emission factors or actual GHG content of fuel   
National regulation on renewable fuels X  Share of renewables in fuel Requirements on usage of renewable fuelsRenewable fuels more expensive than conventional fuels
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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