Table 1 Main results Label Model 1 Model...

Table 1

Main results

	Label	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Fixed effects
Intercept	$γ_{00}$	−3.611*** (−221.82)	−3.593*** (−157.78)	−3.602*** (−156.23)	−3.600*** (−153.82)
Trend10to19	$γ_{10}$		0.042*** (13.05)	0.042*** (12.77)	0.042*** (12.40)
Jump20to23	$γ_{20}$		0.413*** (18.74)	0.410*** (18.43)	0.408*** (17.87)
Amazon	$γ_{30}$			0.054*** (3.54)	0.013 (0.80)
$\overset{̅}{Rural}$	$γ_{40}$			−0.029*** (−3.44)	−0.040*** (−3.24)
Trend10to19 × $\overset{̅}{Rural}$	$γ_{50}$				−0.004** (−2.13)
Jump20to23 × $\overset{̅}{Rural}$	$γ_{60}$				−0.030*** (−2.73)
Variance components
Var. Intercept	$σ_{0}^{2}$	0.145*** (15.31)	0.276*** (14.94)	0.268*** (14.86)	0.268*** (14.87)
Var. Trend10to19	$σ_{1}^{2}$		0.005*** (12.81)	0.005*** (10.43)	0.005*** (12.76)
Var. Jump20to23	$σ_{2}^{2}$		0.217*** (12.52)	0.217*** (12.51)	0.213*** (12.45)
Cov. Trend10to19, Jump20to23	$σ_{12}$		−0.008*** (−4.26)	−0.008*** (−4.29)	−0.009*** (−4.56)
Cov. Trend10to19, intercept	$σ_{01}$		0.024*** (10.56)	0.023*** (10.43)	0.023*** (10.43)
Cov. Jump20to23, intercept	$σ_{02}$		−0.085*** (−6.14)	−0.089*** (−6.49)	−0.090*** (−6.61)
Var. Residual	$σ_{ϵ}^{2}$	0.326*** (64.14)	0.151*** (59.00)	0.151*** (58.99)	0.151*** (59.00)
Model fit
−2 log likelihood		16,453.556	11,956.211	11,936.015	11,914.313
Pseudo R²		–	0.180	0.195	0.199
Sample
Observations		8,862	8,862	8,862	8,862
Number of groups		633	633	633	633

	Label	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Fixed effects
Intercept	$γ_{00}$	−3.611*** (−221.82)	−3.593*** (−157.78)	−3.602*** (−156.23)	−3.600*** (−153.82)
Trend10to19	$γ_{10}$		0.042*** (13.05)	0.042*** (12.77)	0.042*** (12.40)
Jump20to23	$γ_{20}$		0.413*** (18.74)	0.410*** (18.43)	0.408*** (17.87)
Amazon	$γ_{30}$			0.054*** (3.54)	0.013 (0.80)
$\overset{̅}{Rural}$	$γ_{40}$			−0.029*** (−3.44)	−0.040*** (−3.24)
Trend10to19 × $\overset{̅}{Rural}$	$γ_{50}$				−0.004** (−2.13)
Jump20to23 × $\overset{̅}{Rural}$	$γ_{60}$				−0.030*** (−2.73)
Variance components
Var. Intercept	$σ_{0}^{2}$	0.145*** (15.31)	0.276*** (14.94)	0.268*** (14.86)	0.268*** (14.87)
Var. Trend10to19	$σ_{1}^{2}$		0.005*** (12.81)	0.005*** (10.43)	0.005*** (12.76)
Var. Jump20to23	$σ_{2}^{2}$		0.217*** (12.52)	0.217*** (12.51)	0.213*** (12.45)
Cov. Trend10to19, Jump20to23	$σ_{12}$		−0.008*** (−4.26)	−0.008*** (−4.29)	−0.009*** (−4.56)
Cov. Trend10to19, intercept	$σ_{01}$		0.024*** (10.56)	0.023*** (10.43)	0.023*** (10.43)
Cov. Jump20to23, intercept	$σ_{02}$		−0.085*** (−6.14)	−0.089*** (−6.49)	−0.090*** (−6.61)
Var. Residual	$σ_{ϵ}^{2}$	0.326*** (64.14)	0.151*** (59.00)	0.151*** (58.99)	0.151*** (59.00)
Model fit
−2 log likelihood		16,453.556	11,956.211	11,936.015	11,914.313
Pseudo R²		–	0.180	0.195	0.199
Sample
Observations		8,862	8,862	8,862	8,862
Number of groups		633	633	633	633

Note(s): Outcome: ${L o g i t S h a r e T r i p s O n l i n e}_{j t}$ ⁠. Models were analyzed with robust standard errors. z-statistics are reported in parentheses; *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01

Source(s): Authors' own work

[ViewLarge]