Table 1.

The transformative potential of business cases for sustainable innovations in industrial contexts

Business case (BC)Core orientationDominant control leversTransformative potential
BC1. ReactionaryCompliance-driven, meeting minimum regulatory requirementsDiagnostic and boundary levers (e.g. hierarchical rules, procedures, monitoring, sanctions)Low: Reinforces business-as-usual
BC2. ReputationalImage- and legitimacy-driven improvementsSymbolic “beliefs” levers (e.g. performance targets, sustainability reporting, public events, branding)Low → moderate: Improvements symbolic or peripheral
BC3. ResponsibleSubstantive efforts to reduce harm and improve sustainability performanceDiagnostic (targets, KPIs), interactive (team feedback, innovation spaces), boundary systemsModerate → high: Supports substantive sustainability performance
BC4. CollaborativeCo-created, systemic sustainability solutions across the value chainBeliefs and interactive levers in inter-organisational space dominate the balanced control system (including diagnostic and boundary controls): shared values, peer accountability, cross-sector collaborationHigh: Enables systemic transformation
Source(s): Authors’ own work, adapted from Schaltegger and Burritt, 2018 

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