Table A1 Measurement scales Construct...

Table A1

Measurement scales

Construct and measures	Factor loadings
Supply Chain Innovation (SCI) (Cronbach's α = 0.932, CR = 0.930, AVE = 0.657)
Sources: Afraz et al. (2021) and Abdallah et al. (2021)
Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement as applicable to your firm and SC partners (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree)
SCI 1 We pursue a cutting-edge (leading technology) system that can integrate information	0.806
SCI 2 We employ innovative vehicles, packages, or other physical assets	0.859
SCI 3 We pursue continuous innovation in core global SC operations	0.893
SCI 4 We pursue agile and responsive SC processes against changes	0.859
SCI 5 We pursue continuous innovation in SC technology	0.766
SCI 6 We ask SC partners for new ideas	0.706
SCI 7 In our organization, creative methods and/or services are taken into account	0.769
Supply Chain Collaboration (SCC) (Cronbach's α = 0.891, CR = 0.892, AVE = 0.541)
Sources: Hofer et al. (2014) and Cao et al. (2010)
Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement as applicable to your firm and SC partners (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree)
SCC1 We and our SC partners share high quality (e.g. timely, complete) information (e.g. new technologies, ideas) (Information sharing)	0.726
SCC2 We and our SC partners strive to build a mutually beneficial collaborative partnership (Goal congruence)	0.714
SCC3 We and our SC partners collaborate in the areas of forecasting, replenishment, and event/promotion planning (Decision synchronization)	0.727
SCC4 We and our SC partners have a joint KPI and business plan development process (Incentive alignment)	0.808
SCC5 We and our SC partners hold periodic supply chain collaboration meetings (Collaborative communication)	0.723
SCC6 We and our SC partners actively pursue joint projects to improve and grow our business (Joint knowledge creation)	0.736
SCC7 We and our SC partners share resources (e.g. technical support and equipment) (Resource sharing)	0.710
Digital Transformation (DT) (Cronbach's α = 0.869, CR = 0.872, AVE = 0.578)
Sources: Nasiri et al. (2020)
Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement as applicable to your firm and SC partners (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree)
DT 1 We aim to digitalize everything that can be digitalized	0.824
DT 2 We collect large amounts of data from different sources	0.748
DT 3 We aim to create stronger integration between different business processes through digital technologies	0.739
DT 4 We aim to achieve an efficient customer interface through digitality	0.748
DT 5 We aim to achieve information exchange through digitality	0.738
Supply Chain Performance (SCP)
Sources: Zhao et al. (2023), Jafari et al. (2023), Wong and Ngai (2022)
Indicate the level of your business unit's performance along each of the following dimensions compared to that of your major industry competitor(s): (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree)
SC Financial Performance (SCFP) (Cronbach's α = 0.865, CR = 0.864, AVE = 0.614)
SCFP1 Average profit is higher	0.757
SCFP2 Return on investment is higher	0.802
SCFP3 Return on sales is higher	0.803
SCFP4 Return on total assets is higher	0.772
SC Non-Financial Performance (SCNFP) (Cronbach's α = 0.929, CR = 0.961, AVE = 0.626)
SC operational performance (SCOP) (Cronbach's α = 0.877, CR = 0.877, AVE = 0.589)
SCOP1 Delivery cycle times are shorter	0.814
SCOP2 On-time delivery performance is higher	0.790
SCOP3 The right products are better delivered to the customers	0.732
SCOP4 Inventory turnover is higher	0.735
SCOP5 We are better at low-waste operations	0.762
SC Innovation Performance (SCIP) (Cronbach's α = 0.771, CR = 0.796, AVE = 0.565)
SCIP1 Number of new products launched is higher	0.774
SCIP2 Process improvement is stronger	0.725
SCIP3 Technology acquisition is easier	0.755
SC Customer Service Performance (SCCSP) (Cronbach's α = 0.883, CR = 0.899, AVE = 0.640)
SCCSP1 Customers' requirements and expectations are better satisfied and even exceeded	0.893
SCCSP2 Customers are more satisfied with the product quality (e.g. high-performance, high reliability, or high-durability)	0.858
SCCSP3 Customer order fill rate is higher	0.741
SCCSP4 Customers' satisfaction with support and after-sale services is higher	0.767
SCCSP5 Improvement of products based on customer feedback is stronger	0.727
SC Marketing Performance (SCMP) (Cronbach's α = 0.870, CR = 0.872, AVE = 0.774)
SCMP1. Market share is higher	0.895
SCMP2. Rates of sales in new products are higher	0.864

Construct and measures	Factor loadings
Supply Chain Innovation (SCI) (Cronbach's α = 0.932, CR = 0.930, AVE = 0.657)
Sources: Afraz et al. (2021) and Abdallah et al. (2021)
Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement as applicable to your firm and SC partners (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree)
SCI 1 We pursue a cutting-edge (leading technology) system that can integrate information	0.806
SCI 2 We employ innovative vehicles, packages, or other physical assets	0.859
SCI 3 We pursue continuous innovation in core global SC operations	0.893
SCI 4 We pursue agile and responsive SC processes against changes	0.859
SCI 5 We pursue continuous innovation in SC technology	0.766
SCI 6 We ask SC partners for new ideas	0.706
SCI 7 In our organization, creative methods and/or services are taken into account	0.769
Supply Chain Collaboration (SCC) (Cronbach's α = 0.891, CR = 0.892, AVE = 0.541)
Sources: Hofer et al. (2014) and Cao et al. (2010)
Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement as applicable to your firm and SC partners (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree)
SCC1 We and our SC partners share high quality (e.g. timely, complete) information (e.g. new technologies, ideas) (Information sharing)	0.726
SCC2 We and our SC partners strive to build a mutually beneficial collaborative partnership (Goal congruence)	0.714
SCC3 We and our SC partners collaborate in the areas of forecasting, replenishment, and event/promotion planning (Decision synchronization)	0.727
SCC4 We and our SC partners have a joint KPI and business plan development process (Incentive alignment)	0.808
SCC5 We and our SC partners hold periodic supply chain collaboration meetings (Collaborative communication)	0.723
SCC6 We and our SC partners actively pursue joint projects to improve and grow our business (Joint knowledge creation)	0.736
SCC7 We and our SC partners share resources (e.g. technical support and equipment) (Resource sharing)	0.710
Digital Transformation (DT) (Cronbach's α = 0.869, CR = 0.872, AVE = 0.578)
Sources: Nasiri et al. (2020)
Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement as applicable to your firm and SC partners (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree)
DT 1 We aim to digitalize everything that can be digitalized	0.824
DT 2 We collect large amounts of data from different sources	0.748
DT 3 We aim to create stronger integration between different business processes through digital technologies	0.739
DT 4 We aim to achieve an efficient customer interface through digitality	0.748
DT 5 We aim to achieve information exchange through digitality	0.738
Supply Chain Performance (SCP)
Sources: Zhao et al. (2023), Jafari et al. (2023), Wong and Ngai (2022)
Indicate the level of your business unit's performance along each of the following dimensions compared to that of your major industry competitor(s): (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree)
SC Financial Performance (SCFP) (Cronbach's α = 0.865, CR = 0.864, AVE = 0.614)
SCFP1 Average profit is higher	0.757
SCFP2 Return on investment is higher	0.802
SCFP3 Return on sales is higher	0.803
SCFP4 Return on total assets is higher	0.772
SC Non-Financial Performance (SCNFP) (Cronbach's α = 0.929, CR = 0.961, AVE = 0.626)
SC operational performance (SCOP) (Cronbach's α = 0.877, CR = 0.877, AVE = 0.589)
SCOP1 Delivery cycle times are shorter	0.814
SCOP2 On-time delivery performance is higher	0.790
SCOP3 The right products are better delivered to the customers	0.732
SCOP4 Inventory turnover is higher	0.735
SCOP5 We are better at low-waste operations	0.762
SC Innovation Performance (SCIP) (Cronbach's α = 0.771, CR = 0.796, AVE = 0.565)
SCIP1 Number of new products launched is higher	0.774
SCIP2 Process improvement is stronger	0.725
SCIP3 Technology acquisition is easier	0.755
SC Customer Service Performance (SCCSP) (Cronbach's α = 0.883, CR = 0.899, AVE = 0.640)
SCCSP1 Customers' requirements and expectations are better satisfied and even exceeded	0.893
SCCSP2 Customers are more satisfied with the product quality (e.g. high-performance, high reliability, or high-durability)	0.858
SCCSP3 Customer order fill rate is higher	0.741
SCCSP4 Customers' satisfaction with support and after-sale services is higher	0.767
SCCSP5 Improvement of products based on customer feedback is stronger	0.727
SC Marketing Performance (SCMP) (Cronbach's α = 0.870, CR = 0.872, AVE = 0.774)
SCMP1. Market share is higher	0.895
SCMP2. Rates of sales in new products are higher	0.864

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