Variable description
| Type | Name | Symbol | Definition | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | Level of urban manufacturing entrepreneurship | MENP | Cnew342/total city population, where Cnew342 is the number of manufacturing enterprises registered in the city that have been established for more than 3 months but less than 42 months | Per 10,000 people |
| rMENP | Cnew42/total city population, where Cnew42 is the number of manufacturing enterprises registered in the city that have been established for up to 42 months | Per 10,000 people | ||
| Independent variable | Labor market regulation intensity | LREG | Hradmin/number of operational enterprises, where hradmin is the number of times enterprises registered in the city have been penalized by the labor administrative department | Times per 10,000 enterpris--es |
| rLREG | Ln(1+ Hradmin), which represents the frequency of increase in the number of penalties imposed by labor administrative authorities on enterprises registered within a city, can also reflect the intensity of penalties | log | ||
| Mediating variable | City AI innovation level | AI | Ln(1+ Number of AI patent applications by enterprises in the city) | log |
| City manufacturing digitization level | MDIG | The level of urban manufacturing digitization constructed using factor analysis in this study | – | |
| Control variable | Government technology expenditure | SCPD | City’s fiscal technology expenditure/city’s GDP | % |
| Entrepreneurship policy support | POLY | Ln(1+Instnum), where Instnum is the number of city-issued policies containing ‘entrepreneurship’ | log | |
| Nonlabor regulation intensity | OREG | Ln(1+Penalty- Hradmin), where Penalty is the number of all administrative penalties | log | |
| Nonmanufacturing entrepreneurship level | OENP | (New342-Cnew342)/Total city population/10, where New342 is the number of enterprises in all sectors registered in the city that have been established for more than 3 months but less than 42 months | 10 per 10,000 people | |
| Innovation level | INNO | Ln(total patents applied for by enterprises registered in the city – Number of AI patents) | log | |
| Enterprise density | EDEN | Number of operational enterprises in the city/city’s administrative area | Per square kilometer | |
| Population density | PDEN | City’s population/city’s administrative area | 100,000 people per square kilometer | |
| Human capital level | HCAP | Number of university students in the city/total city population | % | |
| Unemployment rate | UNMP | Number of unemployed people in the city/(number of unemployed people + number of employed people in the city) | % | |
| Economic development level | PGDP | Natural logarithm of the city’s actual per capita GDP, with 2008 as the base year | log | |
| Economic growth rate | GGDP | City’s current year GDP growth amount/Previous year’s GDP * 100 | % | |
| Industrial structure level | INDS | (1*City’s primary industry value-added percentage + 2*City’s tertiary industry value-added percentage + 3*City’s secondary industry value-added percentage) | 100% | |
| Financial development level | FSIZ | City’s loan balance/city’s GDP | 100% | |
| Financial efficiency | FEFF | City’s loan balance/city’s deposit balance | 100% | |
| Government intervention | GOVN | City’s fiscal expenditure/city’s GDP | % | |
| Population growth rate | GPOP | City’s natural population growth rate | % | |
| Urbanization rate | CITY | Urban population/total city population | 100% |
| Type | Name | Symbol | Definition | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | Level of urban manufacturing entrepreneurship | Per 10,000 people | ||
| Per 10,000 people | ||||
| Independent variable | Labor market regulation intensity | Times per 10,000 enterpris--es | ||
| Ln(1+ | log | |||
| Mediating variable | City | Ln(1+ Number of | log | |
| City manufacturing digitization level | The level of urban manufacturing digitization constructed using factor analysis in this study | – | ||
| Control variable | Government technology expenditure | City’s fiscal technology expenditure/city’s | % | |
| Entrepreneurship policy support | Ln(1+ | log | ||
| Nonlabor regulation intensity | Ln(1+ | log | ||
| Nonmanufacturing entrepreneurship level | ( | 10 per 10,000 people | ||
| Innovation level | Ln(total patents applied for by enterprises registered in the city – Number of | log | ||
| Enterprise density | Number of operational enterprises in the city/city’s administrative area | Per square kilometer | ||
| Population density | City’s population/city’s administrative area | 100,000 people per square kilometer | ||
| Human capital level | Number of university students in the city/total city population | % | ||
| Unemployment rate | Number of unemployed people in the city/(number of unemployed people + number of employed people in the city) | % | ||
| Economic development level | Natural logarithm of the city’s actual per capita GDP, with 2008 as the base year | log | ||
| Economic growth rate | City’s current year | % | ||
| Industrial structure level | (1*City’s primary industry value-added percentage + 2*City’s tertiary industry value-added percentage + 3*City’s secondary industry value-added percentage) | 100% | ||
| Financial development level | City’s loan balance/city’s | 100% | ||
| Financial efficiency | City’s loan balance/city’s deposit balance | 100% | ||
| Government intervention | City’s fiscal expenditure/city’s | % | ||
| Population growth rate | City’s natural population growth rate | % | ||
| Urbanization rate | Urban population/total city population | 100% |
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.