Table 4

Performance comparison of various deep learning models across precision, recall, F1 score and AUC metrics. The table highlights the effectiveness of different architectures, including CNN, LSTM, their combination (CNN + LSTM), Vision Transformer and the proposed HIMP model. The HIMP model outperforms all others, achieving the highest scores in all evaluation metrics, particularly with an F1 score of 91.20% and an AUC of 95.36%

ModelsPrecision (%)Recall (%)F1 score (%)AUC (%)
CNN80.3377.1575.8992.61
LSTM47.7959.7451.9277.15
CNN + LSTM88.2282.7784.1591.11
Vision Transformer68.2570.4168.3984.55
HIMP (our)91.5291.2091.2095.36
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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