Table 1 Q statements Category Definition...

Table 1

Q statements

Category	Definition	Statements	No. in arrays
Performance Expectancy	The degree to which an individual believes that using the technology will help them achieve gains in job performance	1. Automated construction progress monitoring (ACPM) improves the performance of progress management and reduces errors	1
		2. ACPM technologies can provide more objective and unbiased progress analysis information	21
		3. Using ACPM technologies enables faster site information collection	7
		4. ACPM technology allows for more detailed site information collection	34
		5. ACPM technology can achieve real-time progress analysis	26
		6. ACPM technology can achieve real-time schedule updates	13
		7. ACPM technology assists construction team to reduce time for interpreting project status	20
		8. ACPM technologies should be capable of tracking progress information even when construction projects deviate from original plans	24
		9. ACPM technologies are not mature enough thus we should wait for further development before wide application	22
		10. The virtual models (2D/3D) provided by ACPM technologies are useful for negotiations and discussions with stakeholders	14
Effort Expectancy	The degree of ease associated with the use of the technology	11. Pre-training is required to effectively operate ACPM technologies, which may hinder its adoption	11
		12. The operational requirements of ACPM technologies during site data collection may discourage construction companies from using them	9
		13. I potentially will adopt ACPM technologies because of their ease of use	30
		14. ACPM technologies require less human interaction for analysing progress information	16
		15. ACPM tools allow for easier updating of progress information due to their interconnections with BIM software	15
Social Influence	The degree to which an individual perceives that important others believe they should use the new technology	16. Peer pressure within the industry would influence my choice to adopt ACPM technologies	12
		17. I am unlikely to use ACPM tools, regardless of others' opinions	6
		18. I would trust user comments over academic studies when considering ACPM technologies	41
		19. Most construction project managers would not use the ACPM technology unless it is required in the contract	32
		20. The government should subsidise construction projects that apply innovative progress management to encourage ACPM technology adoption	33
Facilitating Conditions	The degree to which an individual believes that an organisational and technical infrastructure exists to support the use of ACPM technologies	21. Educational institutes should provide more automated construction management-related degrees to equip young graduates with ACPM skills	27
		22. ACPM technologies are more commonly used in construction companies that have their own departments for technical and maintenance support	35
		23. In my experience, technical and maintenance support from software companies (relevant or irrelevant) is usually fast, helpful and convenient	3
		24. Communication with the technical support team can be challenging and time-consuming	5
Perceived Risk	The potential risks and challenges that may occur during the use of technology	25. Data collection using ACPM technologies may raise ethical issues if on-site workers are scanned or photographed without consent	39
		26. Manual checking and modification of the site data collected by ACPM technologies can make them less time-efficient than manual methods	10
		27. Data privacy and security need to be protected when using ACPM technologies	23
		28. Digitally monitoring construction progress cannot guarantee the quality of finished work, which may hinder its adoption	25
Price Value	Consumers' tradeoff between the perceived benefits of the applications and the monetary cost of using them	29. The upfront costs of ACPM technologies can be prohibitively expensive for construction progress monitoring	40
		30. ACPM will be more commonly used in the future since the technologies adopted can provide acceptable return on investment	8
		31. Additional costs for user training and maintenance fee limits the adoption of ACPM technology in the construction industry	31
		32. ACPM technologies does not necessarily save labour cost, since they still need to be operated by human labours	29
		33. Construction companies should use ACPM technologies since technology costs are typically lower than labor costs	42
Habit	The degree to which users' past experiences can affect their willingness of adopting new technologies	34. Construction companies are reluctant to use ACPM technologies because there are risks of uncertainties	18
		35. Construction enterprises don't prefer to use ACPM technology as they don't believe in the accuracy and efficiency of computational analysis	17
		36. Construction project managers prefer manual analysis over ACPM technology because they like to physically see progress	28
		37. I am eager to learn about and use new technologies to improve project performance	19
		38. Construction companies prioritise fully mature technologies over partially developed innovations	37
		39. Construction companies with more young managers are more likely to adopt ACPM technologies	36
		40. ACPM technology is more suitable for large construction companies because they are financially stronger	38
		41. Resistance to change is a significant barrier to the adoption of ACPM technologies	2
		42. Relying on automated construction progress monitoring can reduce the need for skilled human workers	4

Category	Definition	Statements	No. in arrays
Performance Expectancy	The degree to which an individual believes that using the technology will help them achieve gains in job performance	1. Automated construction progress monitoring (ACPM) improves the performance of progress management and reduces errors	1
		2. ACPM technologies can provide more objective and unbiased progress analysis information	21
		3. Using ACPM technologies enables faster site information collection	7
		4. ACPM technology allows for more detailed site information collection	34
		5. ACPM technology can achieve real-time progress analysis	26
		6. ACPM technology can achieve real-time schedule updates	13
		7. ACPM technology assists construction team to reduce time for interpreting project status	20
		8. ACPM technologies should be capable of tracking progress information even when construction projects deviate from original plans	24
		9. ACPM technologies are not mature enough thus we should wait for further development before wide application	22
		10. The virtual models (2D/3D) provided by ACPM technologies are useful for negotiations and discussions with stakeholders	14
Effort Expectancy	The degree of ease associated with the use of the technology	11. Pre-training is required to effectively operate ACPM technologies, which may hinder its adoption	11
		12. The operational requirements of ACPM technologies during site data collection may discourage construction companies from using them	9
		13. I potentially will adopt ACPM technologies because of their ease of use	30
		14. ACPM technologies require less human interaction for analysing progress information	16
		15. ACPM tools allow for easier updating of progress information due to their interconnections with BIM software	15
Social Influence	The degree to which an individual perceives that important others believe they should use the new technology	16. Peer pressure within the industry would influence my choice to adopt ACPM technologies	12
		17. I am unlikely to use ACPM tools, regardless of others' opinions	6
		18. I would trust user comments over academic studies when considering ACPM technologies	41
		19. Most construction project managers would not use the ACPM technology unless it is required in the contract	32
		20. The government should subsidise construction projects that apply innovative progress management to encourage ACPM technology adoption	33
Facilitating Conditions	The degree to which an individual believes that an organisational and technical infrastructure exists to support the use of ACPM technologies	21. Educational institutes should provide more automated construction management-related degrees to equip young graduates with ACPM skills	27
		22. ACPM technologies are more commonly used in construction companies that have their own departments for technical and maintenance support	35
		23. In my experience, technical and maintenance support from software companies (relevant or irrelevant) is usually fast, helpful and convenient	3
		24. Communication with the technical support team can be challenging and time-consuming	5
Perceived Risk	The potential risks and challenges that may occur during the use of technology	25. Data collection using ACPM technologies may raise ethical issues if on-site workers are scanned or photographed without consent	39
		26. Manual checking and modification of the site data collected by ACPM technologies can make them less time-efficient than manual methods	10
		27. Data privacy and security need to be protected when using ACPM technologies	23
		28. Digitally monitoring construction progress cannot guarantee the quality of finished work, which may hinder its adoption	25
Price Value	Consumers' tradeoff between the perceived benefits of the applications and the monetary cost of using them	29. The upfront costs of ACPM technologies can be prohibitively expensive for construction progress monitoring	40
		30. ACPM will be more commonly used in the future since the technologies adopted can provide acceptable return on investment	8
		31. Additional costs for user training and maintenance fee limits the adoption of ACPM technology in the construction industry	31
		32. ACPM technologies does not necessarily save labour cost, since they still need to be operated by human labours	29
		33. Construction companies should use ACPM technologies since technology costs are typically lower than labor costs	42
Habit	The degree to which users' past experiences can affect their willingness of adopting new technologies	34. Construction companies are reluctant to use ACPM technologies because there are risks of uncertainties	18
		35. Construction enterprises don't prefer to use ACPM technology as they don't believe in the accuracy and efficiency of computational analysis	17
		36. Construction project managers prefer manual analysis over ACPM technology because they like to physically see progress	28
		37. I am eager to learn about and use new technologies to improve project performance	19
		38. Construction companies prioritise fully mature technologies over partially developed innovations	37
		39. Construction companies with more young managers are more likely to adopt ACPM technologies	36
		40. ACPM technology is more suitable for large construction companies because they are financially stronger	38
		41. Resistance to change is a significant barrier to the adoption of ACPM technologies	2
		42. Relying on automated construction progress monitoring can reduce the need for skilled human workers	4

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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