Table 2 Analysis of the selected studies... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Analysis of the selected studies applying the CAS 4P framework by Daniel et al. (2022)

Dimension	CAS characteristic	Main findings of selected studies
1. Place	a) Boundaries	Beyond geographic boundaries (Rytkönen et al., 2023) Indirect environmental interaction (Moggi et al., 2022) Dynamic and evolving boundaries (Forrest et al., 2023) Multiple scales and perspectives (Magni et al., 2022) Functional boundaries (Marques et al., 2021)
1. Place	b) Path dependence and local rules	Local norms and regulations (Hoogendoorn et al., 2018; Perry and Woolard, 2023; Rytkönen et al., 2023) Cultural persistence (Singh and Wagner, 2023) Adaptation to market and environmental changes (Manyise and Dentoni, 2021; Yaslak et al., 2023) Influence of initial conditions and evolving support infrastructure (Gruba et al., 2022; Marques et al., 2021; McKague et al., 2021; Rytkönen et al., 2023) Traits of specific location (Adhikari et al., 2018; Díaz-Correa and López-Navarro, 2018; Dressler and Paunovic, 2020)
2. People	c) Complex interdependencies	Collaborative networks (Badia et al., 2024; Dubé et al., 2020; Mars, 2020; Yaslak et al., 2023) Multi-stakeholder engagement (Díaz-Correa and López-Navarro, 2018; Malan, 2020; Salvado et al., 2023) Supportive community conditions (Perry and Woolard, 2023) Resource and knowledge exchange (Adhikari et al., 2018; Chesbrough et al., 2014; Yaslak et al., 2023)
2. People	d) Adaptive and self-organising	Adaptive response to market and environmental conditions (MacFall et al., 2015; Ossowska et al., 2023) Innovation through stakeholder cooperation (Forrest et al., 2023) Collective problem-solving (Gruba et al., 2022) Decentralised decision-making (Hoogendoorn et al., 2018; Rytkönen et al., 2023)
3. Purpose	e) Nonlinearity	Transformation triggered by small changes (Gruba et al., 2022; Magni et al., 2022; Perry and Woolard, 2023) Dynamic responses to market and environmental shifts (Hrustek et al., 2022; Ludwig et al., 2022) Scaling and spread of innovations (Moggi et al., 2022; Panetti et al., 2023; Reis et al., 2022)
3. Purpose	f) Emergence	Emergence of new business models (Daniel et al., 2022) Sustainable development initiatives (Reis et al., 2022; Wiek and Albrecht, 2022) Cultural and environmental awareness (Chesbrough et al., 2014; Díaz-Correa and López-Navarro, 2018; Singh and Wagner, 2023) Technology-driven changes (Dressler and Paunovic, 2020; Dubé et al., 2020; Hoogendoorn et al., 2018)
4. Process	g) Hierarchy	Layered stakeholder engagement (Badia et al., 2024; Gruba et al., 2022; Hrustek et al., 2022) Multi-level functions and impact (Forrest et al., 2023; Ludwig et al., 2022; Reis et al., 2022) Nested innovation and adaptation (Dressler and Paunovic, 2020; Panetti et al., 2023; Wiek and Albrecht, 2022)
4. Process	h) Feedback and delays	Immediate and long-term feedback (Badia et al., 2024; Forrest et al., 2023) Positive and negative feedback loops (Björklund et al., 2020; Mars, 2020; Nicula and Spânu, 2020; Perry and Woolard, 2023; Rytkönen et al., 2023) Delayed responses (MacFall et al., 2015; Rytkönen et al., 2023) Systemic barriers and opportunities (Chesbrough et al., 2014; Hoogendoorn et al., 2018) Cultural and social feedback (Adhikari et al., 2018; Díaz-Correa and López-Navarro, 2018)

Dimension	CAS characteristic	Main findings of selected studies
1. Place	a) Boundaries	Beyond geographic boundaries (Rytkönen et al., 2023) Indirect environmental interaction (Moggi et al., 2022) Dynamic and evolving boundaries (Forrest et al., 2023) Multiple scales and perspectives (Magni et al., 2022) Functional boundaries (Marques et al., 2021)
1. Place	b) Path dependence and local rules	Local norms and regulations (Hoogendoorn et al., 2018; Perry and Woolard, 2023; Rytkönen et al., 2023) Cultural persistence (Singh and Wagner, 2023) Adaptation to market and environmental changes (Manyise and Dentoni, 2021; Yaslak et al., 2023) Influence of initial conditions and evolving support infrastructure (Gruba et al., 2022; Marques et al., 2021; McKague et al., 2021; Rytkönen et al., 2023) Traits of specific location (Adhikari et al., 2018; Díaz-Correa and López-Navarro, 2018; Dressler and Paunovic, 2020)
2. People	c) Complex interdependencies	Collaborative networks (Badia et al., 2024; Dubé et al., 2020; Mars, 2020; Yaslak et al., 2023) Multi-stakeholder engagement (Díaz-Correa and López-Navarro, 2018; Malan, 2020; Salvado et al., 2023) Supportive community conditions (Perry and Woolard, 2023) Resource and knowledge exchange (Adhikari et al., 2018; Chesbrough et al., 2014; Yaslak et al., 2023)
2. People	d) Adaptive and self-organising	Adaptive response to market and environmental conditions (MacFall et al., 2015; Ossowska et al., 2023) Innovation through stakeholder cooperation (Forrest et al., 2023) Collective problem-solving (Gruba et al., 2022) Decentralised decision-making (Hoogendoorn et al., 2018; Rytkönen et al., 2023)
3. Purpose	e) Nonlinearity	Transformation triggered by small changes (Gruba et al., 2022; Magni et al., 2022; Perry and Woolard, 2023) Dynamic responses to market and environmental shifts (Hrustek et al., 2022; Ludwig et al., 2022) Scaling and spread of innovations (Moggi et al., 2022; Panetti et al., 2023; Reis et al., 2022)
3. Purpose	f) Emergence	Emergence of new business models (Daniel et al., 2022) Sustainable development initiatives (Reis et al., 2022; Wiek and Albrecht, 2022) Cultural and environmental awareness (Chesbrough et al., 2014; Díaz-Correa and López-Navarro, 2018; Singh and Wagner, 2023) Technology-driven changes (Dressler and Paunovic, 2020; Dubé et al., 2020; Hoogendoorn et al., 2018)
4. Process	g) Hierarchy	Layered stakeholder engagement (Badia et al., 2024; Gruba et al., 2022; Hrustek et al., 2022) Multi-level functions and impact (Forrest et al., 2023; Ludwig et al., 2022; Reis et al., 2022) Nested innovation and adaptation (Dressler and Paunovic, 2020; Panetti et al., 2023; Wiek and Albrecht, 2022)
4. Process	h) Feedback and delays	Immediate and long-term feedback (Badia et al., 2024; Forrest et al., 2023) Positive and negative feedback loops (Björklund et al., 2020; Mars, 2020; Nicula and Spânu, 2020; Perry and Woolard, 2023; Rytkönen et al., 2023) Delayed responses (MacFall et al., 2015; Rytkönen et al., 2023) Systemic barriers and opportunities (Chesbrough et al., 2014; Hoogendoorn et al., 2018) Cultural and social feedback (Adhikari et al., 2018; Díaz-Correa and López-Navarro, 2018)

Source(s): Authors' own work