Table 1 Socio-demographic... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Socio-demographic characteristics of Brazilian (n = 1,003) and Portugal (n = 408) participants

		Brazil (n = 1,003)							Portugal (n = 408)
Variable	Categories	Total (n = 1,003)	Centre West (n = 208)	South (n = 217)	Southeast (n = 204)	Northeast (n = 182)	North (n = 192)	p-value^#	Total (n = 408)	Great Porto Area (n = 219)	Great Lisbon Area (n = 189)	p-value^#
Gender	Female	527 (52.5%)	105^b	113^a,b	113^a	95^a,b	101^a,b	0.903	213 (52.2%)	116^a,b	97^a,b	0.740
Gender	Male	476 (47.5%)	103	104	91	87	91	0.903	195 (47.8%)	103	92	0.740
Level of Education	Without Higher Education	504 (50.2%)	101^a,b (+) ***	108^a,b (−) ***	107^b (+) ***	93^a,b (+) ***	95^a,b (+) ***	0.945	195 (47.8%)	110^a,b	85^a,b	0.290
Level of Education	With Higher Education	499 (49.8%)	10 (−) ***	109 (+) ***	97 (−) ***	89 (−) ***	97 (−) ***	0.945	213 (52.2%)	109	104	0.290
Age (in years) Mean (n = 1,003): 39.64 (±14.21)	18–29	330 (32.9%)	66^a,b	65^a	57^a	72^b (+) *	70^a,b	0.015	148 (36.3%)	74^a,b	74^a,b	0.048
	30–49	365 (36.4%)	73	75	78	69	70		146 (35.8%)	73	73
	+50	308 (30.7%)	69	77	69	41 (−) **	52		114 (27.9%)	72 (+) *	42 (+) *
Family Income^a^, ^b	Low	595 (59.3%)	106^a (−) **	115^a (−) *	107^a (−) *	127^b (+) **	140^b (+) ***	<0.001	187 (45.8%)	106^a,b	81^a,b	0.351
Family Income^a^, ^b	High	408 (40.7%)	102 (+) **	102 (+) *	97 (+) *	55 (−) **	52 (−) ***	<0.001	221 (54.2%)	113	108	0.351

		Brazil (n = 1,003)							Portugal (n = 408)
Variable	Categories	Total (n = 1,003)	Centre West (n = 208)	South (n = 217)	Southeast (n = 204)	Northeast (n = 182)	North (n = 192)	p-value^#	Total (n = 408)	Great Porto Area (n = 219)	Great Lisbon Area (n = 189)	p-value^#
Gender	Female	527 (52.5%)	105^b	113^a,b	113^a	95^a,b	101^a,b	0.903	213 (52.2%)	116^a,b	97^a,b	0.740
Gender	Male	476 (47.5%)	103	104	91	87	91	0.903	195 (47.8%)	103	92	0.740
Level of Education	Without Higher Education	504 (50.2%)	101^a,b (+) ***	108^a,b (−) ***	107^b (+) ***	93^a,b (+) ***	95^a,b (+) ***	0.945	195 (47.8%)	110^a,b	85^a,b	0.290
Level of Education	With Higher Education	499 (49.8%)	10 (−) ***	109 (+) ***	97 (−) ***	89 (−) ***	97 (−) ***	0.945	213 (52.2%)	109	104	0.290
Age (in years)Mean (n = 1,003): 39.64 (±14.21)	18–29	330 (32.9%)	66^a,b	65^a	57^a	72^b (+) *	70^a,b	0.015	148 (36.3%)	74^a,b	74^a,b	0.048
	30–49	365 (36.4%)	73	75	78	69	70		146 (35.8%)	73	73
	+50	308 (30.7%)	69	77	69	41 (−) **	52		114 (27.9%)	72 (+) *	42 (+) *
Family Income^a^, ^b	Low	595 (59.3%)	106^a (−) **	115^a (−) *	107^a (−) *	127^b (+) **	140^b (+) ***	<0.001	187 (45.8%)	106^a,b	81^a,b	0.351
Family Income^a^, ^b	High	408 (40.7%)	102 (+) **	102 (+) *	97 (+) *	55 (−) **	52 (−) ***	<0.001	221 (54.2%)	113	108	0.351

Note(s):

Income classification in Brazil followed the criteria of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, 2024), with classes E, D, and C grouped as low income

Income classification in Portugal was based on data from the National Statistics Institute (INE, 2025), with participants at or below the median gross income considered low income

# p-value according to the Mann-Whitney U Test, and ^{a, b, c, d} - homogeneous groups between regions, according to the Kruskal-Wallis test, at a 95% confidence level

(+) Alternatively, (−) indicates that the observed value is higher or lower than the expected theoretical value

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05; effect of the chi-square per cell

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