Table 2 Absolute frequencies of mentions...

Table 2

Absolute frequencies of mentions for the dimensions of the free word association (FWA) task related to “local food”, categorised by polarity and sociodemographic characteristics for Brazilian and Portuguese urban consumers

Brazil (n = 1,003)
Dimensions	% participants	Gender (x² = 21.2^#/p = 0.061^##)		Age groups (Years) (x² = 30.1^#/p = 0.011^#)			Education (x² = 49.8^#/p < 0.001^##)		Income (x² = 41.26^#p < 0.001^##)		Regular consumer of local food (x² = 7.2^#/p = 0.818^##)		Region of residence (x² = 83.2^#/p < 0.001^##)
Dimensions	% participants	Male (n = 476)	Female (n = 527)	18–29 (n = 330)	30–49 (n = 365)	50+ (n = 308)	No high education (n = 504)	With high education (n = 499)	Low (n = 595)	High (n = 408)	Yes (n = 778)	No (n = 225)	Centre West (n = 208)	South (n = 217)	Southeast (n = 204)	Northeast (n = 182)	North (n = 192)
Produce (positive)	26.4%	131	128	85	106	68	108 (−) **	151 (+) **	78 (+) *	37 (−) *	206	53	40 (−) *	28 (−) ***	47	63 (+) *	81 (+) ***
Economical (negative)	20.6%	84	123	66	78	63	138 (+)***	69 (−) ***	134	73	155	52	56 (+) *	73 (+) ***	48	15 (−) ***	15 (−) ***
Quality and Safety (positive)	16.4%	72	92	41	66	57	57 (−) ***	107 (+) ***	80 (−) **	84 (+) **	134	30	24	12 (−) ***	31	49 (+) ***	48 (+) **
Economical (positive)	15.6%	68	88	47	57	52	58 (−) ***	98 (+) ***	81	75	125	31	22 (−) *	14 (−) ***	36	47 (+) ***	37
Produce (negative)	15.3%	81	72	57	43 (−) *	53	96 (+) ***	57 (−) ***	41	40	117	36	43 (+) *	66 (+) ***	34	5 (−) ***	5 (−) ***
Quality and Safety Negative	13.3%	59	75	34	49	51	83 (+) **	51 (−) **	80	54	104	30	42 (+) **	62 (+) ***	22	2 (−) ***	6 (−) ***
Processed Food (positive)	11.5%	64 (+) *	51 (−) *	39	49	27	62	53	42	30	94	21	17	12 (−) **	10 (−) **	38 (+) ***	38 (+) ***
Processed Food Negative	8.4%	44	40	37 (+) *	21 (−) *	26	56 (+) **	28 (−) **	147	120	71	13	26 (+) *	33 (+) ***	19	5 (−) **	1 (−) ***
Body, Health and Nutrition (positive)	8.1%	30	51	25	22	34 (+) *	24 (−) ***	57 (+) ***	41	40	63	18	9 (−) *	5 (−) ***	18	24 (+) *	25 (+) *
Hedonic and Sensory Proprieties (positive)	8.1%	43	38	28	25	28	30 (−) *	51 (+) *	43	26	60	21	9 (−) *	8 (−) *	16	22	26 (+) **
Economical (neutral)	7.8%	29	49	26	35	17	42	36	51	27	58	20	16	17	14	16	15
Gastronomy (positive)	7.2%	37	35	27	31	14 (−) *	33	39	106 (+) **	47 (−) **	55	17	8 (−) *	0 (−) ***	12	24 (+) **	28 (+) ***
Produce (neutral)	6.9%	31	38	21	30	18	38	31	59 (+) *	25 (−) *	50	19	19	17	10	11	12
Seasonal (positive)	6.0%	23	37	14	26	20	25	35	34	26	47	13	8	4 (−) **	15	16	17
Body, Health and Nutrition (negative)	5.9%	27	32	13	23	23	32	27	25 (−) *	34 (+) *	46	13	22 (+) **	17	11	8	1 (−) ***

Brazil (n = 1,003)
Dimensions	% participants	Gender (x² = 21.2^#/p = 0.061^##)		Age groups (Years)(x² = 30.1^#/p = 0.011^#)			Education (x² = 49.8^#/p < 0.001^##)		Income (x² = 41.26^#p < 0.001^##)		Regular consumer of local food (x² = 7.2^#/p = 0.818^##)		Region of residence (x² = 83.2^#/p < 0.001^##)
Dimensions	% participants	Male (n = 476)	Female (n = 527)	18–29 (n = 330)	30–49 (n = 365)	50+ (n = 308)	No high education (n = 504)	With high education (n = 499)	Low (n = 595)	High (n = 408)	Yes (n = 778)	No (n = 225)	Centre West (n = 208)	South (n = 217)	Southeast (n = 204)	Northeast (n = 182)	North (n = 192)
Produce (positive)	26.4%	131	128	85	106	68	108 (−) **	151 (+) **	78 (+) *	37 (−) *	206	53	40 (−) *	28 (−) ***	47	63 (+) *	81 (+) ***
Economical (negative)	20.6%	84	123	66	78	63	138 (+)***	69 (−) ***	134	73	155	52	56 (+) *	73 (+) ***	48	15 (−) ***	15 (−) ***
Quality and Safety (positive)	16.4%	72	92	41	66	57	57 (−) ***	107 (+) ***	80 (−) **	84 (+) **	134	30	24	12 (−) ***	31	49 (+) ***	48 (+) **
Economical (positive)	15.6%	68	88	47	57	52	58 (−) ***	98 (+) ***	81	75	125	31	22 (−) *	14 (−) ***	36	47 (+) ***	37
Produce (negative)	15.3%	81	72	57	43 (−) *	53	96 (+) ***	57 (−) ***	41	40	117	36	43 (+) *	66 (+) ***	34	5 (−) ***	5 (−) ***
Quality and Safety Negative	13.3%	59	75	34	49	51	83 (+) **	51 (−) **	80	54	104	30	42 (+) **	62 (+) ***	22	2 (−) ***	6 (−) ***
Processed Food (positive)	11.5%	64 (+) *	51 (−) *	39	49	27	62	53	42	30	94	21	17	12 (−) **	10 (−) **	38 (+) ***	38 (+) ***
Processed Food Negative	8.4%	44	40	37 (+) *	21 (−) *	26	56 (+) **	28 (−) **	147	120	71	13	26 (+) *	33 (+) ***	19	5 (−) **	1 (−) ***
Body, Health and Nutrition (positive)	8.1%	30	51	25	22	34 (+) *	24 (−) ***	57 (+) ***	41	40	63	18	9 (−) *	5 (−) ***	18	24 (+) *	25 (+) *
Hedonic and Sensory Proprieties (positive)	8.1%	43	38	28	25	28	30 (−) *	51 (+) *	43	26	60	21	9 (−) *	8 (−) *	16	22	26 (+) **
Economical (neutral)	7.8%	29	49	26	35	17	42	36	51	27	58	20	16	17	14	16	15
Gastronomy (positive)	7.2%	37	35	27	31	14 (−) *	33	39	106 (+) **	47 (−) **	55	17	8 (−) *	0 (−) ***	12	24 (+) **	28 (+) ***
Produce (neutral)	6.9%	31	38	21	30	18	38	31	59 (+) *	25 (−) *	50	19	19	17	10	11	12
Seasonal (positive)	6.0%	23	37	14	26	20	25	35	34	26	47	13	8	4 (−) **	15	16	17
Body, Health and Nutrition (negative)	5.9%	27	32	13	23	23	32	27	25 (−) *	34 (+) *	46	13	22 (+) **	17	11	8	1 (−) ***

Portugal (n = 408)
Dimensions (polarity)	% Participants	Gender (x² = 19.1^#/p = 0.093^##)		Age groups (Years) (x² = 26.4^#/p = 0.236^##)			Education (x² = 27.8^#/p = 0.009^##)		Income (x² = 22.4^#/p = 0.060^##)		Regular consumer of local food (x² = 12.4^#/p = 0.675^##)		Area of residence (x² = 34.2^#/p < 0.001^##)
Dimensions (polarity)	% Participants	Male (n = 195)	Female (n = 213)	18–29 (n = 148)	30–49 (n = 146)	50+ (n = 114)	No high education (n = 195)	With high education (n = 213)	Low (n = 221)	High (n = 187)	Yes (n = 236)	No (n = 172)	Great Porto Area (n = 219)	Great Lisbon Area (n = 189)
Produce (positive)	36.00%	76	71	47	54	46	68	79	60	86	87	60	62 (−) **	85 (+) **
Economical (positive)	23.70%	45	52	41	27	29	42	55	45	52	50	47	60	37
Food Quality and Safety (positive)	22.80%	39	54	30	37	26	45	48	49	44	50	43	54	39
Gastronomy (positive)	18.40%	41	34	28	27	20	39	36	34	40	43	32	46	29
Environmental (positive)	12.70%	22	30	27 (+) *	11 (−) *	14	14 (−) **	38 (+) **	18	33	34	18	24	28
Hedonic and Sensory Proprieties (positive)	12.20%	18	32	15	19	16	21	29	29	21	28	22	26	24
Produce (neutral)	11.80%	24	24	19	18	11	23	25	15	32	28	20	22	26
Processed Food (positive)	11.50%	24	23	18	19	10	28 (+) *	19 (−) *	24	22	26	21	19	28
Social (positive)	11.00%	15 (−) *	30 (+) *	15	20	10	27 (+) *	18 (−) *	18	25	27	18	28	17
Economical (neutral)	9.10%	15	22	19	11	7	11 (−) *	26 (+) *	10 (−) *	27 (+) *	28 (+) *	9 (−) *	17	20
Body, Health, and Nutrition (positive)	8.80%	16	20	8	17	11	18	18	21	14	20	16	20	16
Beverage (positive)	6.60%	18 (+) *	9 (−) *	8	13	6	13	14	12	14	17	10	15	12
Gastronomy (neutral)	5.50%	14	7	12	8	1 (−) *	9	12	10	10	10	11	21 (+) ***	1 (−) ***
Local (positive)	5.40%	13	9	7	9	6	4 (−) **	18 (+) **	8	14	14	8	10	11

Portugal (n = 408)
Dimensions (polarity)	%Participants	Gender (x² = 19.1^#/p = 0.093^##)		Age groups (Years)(x² = 26.4^#/p = 0.236^##)			Education (x² = 27.8^#/p = 0.009^##)		Income (x² = 22.4^#/p = 0.060^##)		Regular consumer of local food (x² = 12.4^#/p = 0.675^##)		Area of residence (x² = 34.2^#/p < 0.001^##)
Dimensions (polarity)	%Participants	Male (n = 195)	Female (n = 213)	18–29 (n = 148)	30–49 (n = 146)	50+ (n = 114)	No high education (n = 195)	With high education (n = 213)	Low (n = 221)	High (n = 187)	Yes (n = 236)	No (n = 172)	Great Porto Area (n = 219)	Great Lisbon Area (n = 189)
Produce (positive)	36.00%	76	71	47	54	46	68	79	60	86	87	60	62 (−) **	85 (+) **
Economical (positive)	23.70%	45	52	41	27	29	42	55	45	52	50	47	60	37
Food Quality and Safety (positive)	22.80%	39	54	30	37	26	45	48	49	44	50	43	54	39
Gastronomy (positive)	18.40%	41	34	28	27	20	39	36	34	40	43	32	46	29
Environmental (positive)	12.70%	22	30	27 (+) *	11 (−) *	14	14 (−) **	38 (+) **	18	33	34	18	24	28
Hedonic and Sensory Proprieties (positive)	12.20%	18	32	15	19	16	21	29	29	21	28	22	26	24
Produce (neutral)	11.80%	24	24	19	18	11	23	25	15	32	28	20	22	26
Processed Food (positive)	11.50%	24	23	18	19	10	28 (+) *	19 (−) *	24	22	26	21	19	28
Social (positive)	11.00%	15 (−) *	30 (+) *	15	20	10	27 (+) *	18 (−) *	18	25	27	18	28	17
Economical (neutral)	9.10%	15	22	19	11	7	11 (−) *	26 (+) *	10 (−) *	27 (+) *	28 (+) *	9 (−) *	17	20
Body, Health, and Nutrition (positive)	8.80%	16	20	8	17	11	18	18	21	14	20	16	20	16
Beverage (positive)	6.60%	18 (+) *	9 (−) *	8	13	6	13	14	12	14	17	10	15	12
Gastronomy (neutral)	5.50%	14	7	12	8	1 (−) *	9	12	10	10	10	11	21 (+) ***	1 (−) ***
Local (positive)	5.40%	13	9	7	9	6	4 (−) **	18 (+) **	8	14	14	8	10	11

Note(s): # chi-square test of independence

##global chi-square test across all categories

(+) Alternatively, (−) indicates that the observed value is higher or lower than the expected theoretical value

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05; effect of the chi-square per cell

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