Table 3 Absolute frequencies of mentions...

Table 3

Absolute frequencies of mentions for the dimensions of the free word association (FWA) task related to “seasonal food”, categorised by polarity and sociodemographic characteristics for Brazilian and Portuguese urban consumers

Brazil (n = 1,003)
Dimensions	% participants	Gender (x² = 18.3^#/p = 0.143^##)		Age groups (Years) (x² = 36.7^#/p = 0.001^##)			Education level (x² = 52.9^#/p < 0.001^##)		Income (x² = 47.9^#/p < 0.001^##)		Regular consumer of seasonal food (x² = 14.7^#/p = 0.419^##)		Region of residence (x² = 85.7^#/p < 0.001^##)
Dimensions	% participants	Male (n = 476)	Female (n = 527)	18–29 (n = 330)	30–49 (n = 365)	50+ (n = 308)	No higher education (n = 504)	With higher education (n = 499)	Low (n = 595)	High (n = 408)	Yes (n = 777)	No (n = 226)	Centre West (n = 208)	South (n = 217)	Southeast (n = 204)	Northeast (n = 182)	North (n = 192)
Produce (positive)	26.3%	131	133	81	118 (+) **	65 (−) *	123	141	48	22	48	22	40 (−) *	26 (−) ***	46	67 (+) ***	85 (+) ***
Produce (negative)	15.6%	81	75	68 (+) **	40 (−) **	48	100 (+) ***	56 (−) ***	47	24	47	24	48 (+) **	62 (+) ***	35	6 (−) ***	5 (−) ***
Quality and Safety Positive	13.3%	49 (−) *	84 (+) *	32 (−) *	53	48	46 (−) ***	87 (+) ***	65 (−) *	68 (+) *	65 (−) *	68 (+) *	21	15 (−) **	28	35 (+) **	34 (+) *
Hedonic and Sensory Properties (positive)	12.8%	54	74	33	51	44	43 (−) ***	85 (+) ***	37	16	37	16	16 (−) *	11 (−) ***	32	35 (+) **	34 (+) **
Economical (negative)	11.2%	48	64	33	38	41	60	52	73	39	73	39	32 (+) *	38 (+) **	22	7 (−) ***	13
Produce (neutral)	11.1%	53	58	44	39	28	60	51	67	61	67	61	29	29	23	16	14
Economical (positive)	10.9%	45	64	26 (−) *	42	41	31 (−) ***	78 (+) ***	50 (−) **	59 (+) **	50 (−) **	59 (+) **	15	6 (−) ***	27	32 (+) **	29 (+) *
Quality and Safety Negative	10.2%	47	55	33	41	28	64 (+) **	38 (−) **	68	34	68	34	30 (+) *	38 (+) ***	19	7 (−) **	8 (−) **
Seasonal (positive)	7.2%	32	40	17	27	28	19 (−) ***	53 (+) ***	27 (−) ***	45 (+) ***	27 (−) ***	45 (+) ***	17	6 (−) **	23 (+) *	14	12
Hedonic and Sensory Proprieties (negative)	7.1%	27	44	24	24	23	43 (+) *	28 (−) *	154	110	154	110	21	29 (+) ***	13	2 (−) ***	6 (−) *
Gastronomy (positive)	7.0%	39 (+) *	25 (−) *	26	21	17	29	35	69	42	69	42	6 (−) *	7 (−) *	11	23 (+) ***	17
Economical (neutral)	6.8%	30	38	22	20	26	38	30	42	26	42	26	11	18	15	13	11
Body, Health, and Nutrition (positive)	6.0%	21	39	27 (+) *	14 (−) *	19	205	35	34	26	34	26	7	6 (−) *	12	24 (+) ***	11
Seasonal (neutral)	5.8%	27	31	13	29 (+) *	16	20 (−) *	38 (+) *	24 (−) **	34 (+) **	24 (−) **	34 (+) **	12	14	14	10	8
Body, Health, and Nutrition (negative)	5.3%	21	32	20	19	14	3 (+) **	17 (−) **	37	16	37	16	15	25 (+) ***	8	2 (−) **	3 (−) *
Gastronomy (negative)	5.3%	28	25	24 (+) *	13	16	40 (+) ***	13 (−) ***	102	54	102	54	15	21 (+) **	15	1 (−) **	1 (−) **
Quality and Safety Neutral	5.2%	26	26	13	18	21	30	22	32	20	32	20	9	13	7	12	11
Seasonal (negative)	5.2%	23	29	20	18	14	28	24	32	20	32	20	14	15	14	2 (−) **	7

Brazil (n = 1,003)
Dimensions	% participants	Gender (x² = 18.3^#/p = 0.143^##)		Age groups (Years)(x² = 36.7^#/p = 0.001^##)			Education level (x² = 52.9^#/p < 0.001^##)		Income (x² = 47.9^#/p < 0.001^##)		Regular consumer of seasonal food (x² = 14.7^#/p = 0.419^##)		Region of residence (x² = 85.7^#/p < 0.001^##)
Dimensions	% participants	Male (n = 476)	Female (n = 527)	18–29 (n = 330)	30–49 (n = 365)	50+ (n = 308)	No higher education (n = 504)	With higher education (n = 499)	Low (n = 595)	High (n = 408)	Yes (n = 777)	No (n = 226)	Centre West (n = 208)	South (n = 217)	Southeast (n = 204)	Northeast (n = 182)	North (n = 192)
Produce (positive)	26.3%	131	133	81	118 (+) **	65 (−) *	123	141	48	22	48	22	40 (−) *	26 (−) ***	46	67 (+) ***	85 (+) ***
Produce (negative)	15.6%	81	75	68 (+) **	40 (−) **	48	100 (+) ***	56 (−) ***	47	24	47	24	48 (+) **	62 (+) ***	35	6 (−) ***	5 (−) ***
Quality and Safety Positive	13.3%	49 (−) *	84 (+) *	32 (−) *	53	48	46 (−) ***	87 (+) ***	65 (−) *	68 (+) *	65 (−) *	68 (+) *	21	15 (−) **	28	35 (+) **	34 (+) *
Hedonic and Sensory Properties (positive)	12.8%	54	74	33	51	44	43 (−) ***	85 (+) ***	37	16	37	16	16 (−) *	11 (−) ***	32	35 (+) **	34 (+) **
Economical (negative)	11.2%	48	64	33	38	41	60	52	73	39	73	39	32 (+) *	38 (+) **	22	7 (−) ***	13
Produce (neutral)	11.1%	53	58	44	39	28	60	51	67	61	67	61	29	29	23	16	14
Economical (positive)	10.9%	45	64	26 (−) *	42	41	31 (−) ***	78 (+) ***	50 (−) **	59 (+) **	50 (−) **	59 (+) **	15	6 (−) ***	27	32 (+) **	29 (+) *
Quality and Safety Negative	10.2%	47	55	33	41	28	64 (+) **	38 (−) **	68	34	68	34	30 (+) *	38 (+) ***	19	7 (−) **	8 (−) **
Seasonal (positive)	7.2%	32	40	17	27	28	19 (−) ***	53 (+) ***	27 (−) ***	45 (+) ***	27 (−) ***	45 (+) ***	17	6 (−) **	23 (+) *	14	12
Hedonic and Sensory Proprieties (negative)	7.1%	27	44	24	24	23	43 (+) *	28 (−) *	154	110	154	110	21	29 (+) ***	13	2 (−) ***	6 (−) *
Gastronomy (positive)	7.0%	39 (+) *	25 (−) *	26	21	17	29	35	69	42	69	42	6 (−) *	7 (−) *	11	23 (+) ***	17
Economical (neutral)	6.8%	30	38	22	20	26	38	30	42	26	42	26	11	18	15	13	11
Body, Health, and Nutrition (positive)	6.0%	21	39	27 (+) *	14 (−) *	19	205	35	34	26	34	26	7	6 (−) *	12	24 (+) ***	11
Seasonal (neutral)	5.8%	27	31	13	29 (+) *	16	20 (−) *	38 (+) *	24 (−) **	34 (+) **	24 (−) **	34 (+) **	12	14	14	10	8
Body, Health, and Nutrition (negative)	5.3%	21	32	20	19	14	3 (+) **	17 (−) **	37	16	37	16	15	25 (+) ***	8	2 (−) **	3 (−) *
Gastronomy (negative)	5.3%	28	25	24 (+) *	13	16	40 (+) ***	13 (−) ***	102	54	102	54	15	21 (+) **	15	1 (−) **	1 (−) **
Quality and Safety Neutral	5.2%	26	26	13	18	21	30	22	32	20	32	20	9	13	7	12	11
Seasonal (negative)	5.2%	23	29	20	18	14	28	24	32	20	32	20	14	15	14	2 (−) **	7

Portugal (n = 408)
Dimensions (polarity)	% Participants	Gender (x² = 16.2^#/p = 0.105^##)		Age groups (Years) (x² = 41.3^#/p < 0.001^##)			Education (x² = 14.9^#/p = 0.402^##)		Income (x² = 16.4^#/p = 0.420^##)		Regular consumer of seasonal food (x² = 18.2^#/p = 0.084^##)		Area of residence (x² = 33.9/p < 0.001^#v)
Dimensions (polarity)	% Participants	Male (n = 195)	Female (n = 213)	18–29 (n = 148)	30–49 (n = 146)	50+ (n = 114)	No higher education (n = 195)	With higher education (n = 213)	Low (n = 221)	High (n = 187)	Yes (n = 310)	No (n = 98)	Great Porto Area (n = 219)	Great Lisbon Area (n = 189)
Produce (Positive)	64.00%	138 (+) *	123 (−) *	100	98	63 (−) *	124	137	114	145	195 (−) *	66 (+) *	123 (−) ***	138 (+) ***
Produce (neutral)	20.6%	45	39	44 (+) **	26	14 (−) **	37	47	36	47	65	19	43	41
Food Quality and Safety (positive)	16.9%	26	43	18	25	26	32	37	33	35	53	16	41	28
Hedonic and Sensory Proprieties (positive)	12.3%	18	32	7 (−) ***	16	27 (+) ***	26	24	25	24	35	15	35 (+) *	15 (−) *
Environmental (positive)	12.2%	18	32	19	15	16	16 (−) *	34 (+) *	15 (−) *	33 (+) *	46 (+) *	4 (−) *	27	23
Seasonal (positive)	8.8%	16	20	10	12	14	17	19	16	19	28	8	29 (+) **	7 (−) **
Economical (positive)	8.6%	17	18	13	7	15	15	20	13	21	26	9	23	12
Body, Health, and Nutrition (positive)	7.6%	10	21	7	13	11	14	17	15	14	27	4	21	10
Gastronomy (positive)	5.9%	12	12	2 (−) **	13 (+) *	9	13	11	14	10	16	8	19 (+) *	5 (−) *
Environmental (neutral)	5.6%	9	14	16 (+) ***	4	3	10	13	8	15	22 (+) *	1 (−) *	11	12
Seasonal (neutral)	5.00%	9	11	10	8	2	14 (+) *	6 (−) *	8	11	15	5	10	10

Portugal (n = 408)
Dimensions (polarity)	%Participants	Gender (x² = 16.2^#/p = 0.105^##)		Age groups (Years)(x² = 41.3^#/p < 0.001^##)			Education (x² = 14.9^#/p = 0.402^##)		Income (x² = 16.4^#/p = 0.420^##)		Regular consumer of seasonal food (x² = 18.2^#/p = 0.084^##)		Area of residence (x² = 33.9/p < 0.001^#v)
Dimensions (polarity)	%Participants	Male (n = 195)	Female (n = 213)	18–29 (n = 148)	30–49 (n = 146)	50+ (n = 114)	No higher education (n = 195)	With higher education (n = 213)	Low (n = 221)	High (n = 187)	Yes (n = 310)	No (n = 98)	Great Porto Area (n = 219)	Great Lisbon Area (n = 189)
Produce (Positive)	64.00%	138 (+) *	123 (−) *	100	98	63 (−) *	124	137	114	145	195 (−) *	66 (+) *	123 (−) ***	138 (+) ***
Produce (neutral)	20.6%	45	39	44 (+) **	26	14 (−) **	37	47	36	47	65	19	43	41
Food Quality and Safety (positive)	16.9%	26	43	18	25	26	32	37	33	35	53	16	41	28
Hedonic and Sensory Proprieties (positive)	12.3%	18	32	7 (−) ***	16	27 (+) ***	26	24	25	24	35	15	35 (+) *	15 (−) *
Environmental (positive)	12.2%	18	32	19	15	16	16 (−) *	34 (+) *	15 (−) *	33 (+) *	46 (+) *	4 (−) *	27	23
Seasonal (positive)	8.8%	16	20	10	12	14	17	19	16	19	28	8	29 (+) **	7 (−) **
Economical (positive)	8.6%	17	18	13	7	15	15	20	13	21	26	9	23	12
Body, Health, and Nutrition (positive)	7.6%	10	21	7	13	11	14	17	15	14	27	4	21	10
Gastronomy (positive)	5.9%	12	12	2 (−) **	13 (+) *	9	13	11	14	10	16	8	19 (+) *	5 (−) *
Environmental (neutral)	5.6%	9	14	16 (+) ***	4	3	10	13	8	15	22 (+) *	1 (−) *	11	12
Seasonal (neutral)	5.00%	9	11	10	8	2	14 (+) *	6 (−) *	8	11	15	5	10	10

Note(s): # chi-square test of independence

##global chi-square test across all categories

(+) Alternatively, (−) indicates that the observed value is higher or lower than the expected theoretical value

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05; effect of the chi-square per cell

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