Table 1

Descriptive statistics

VariableObs.MeanStd. dev.MinMax
ETR6210.2290.1610.000.599
IR6210.6060.1740.000.905
LEV6210.5470.2540.0210.994
FA6213.1821.1430.005.024
ROA6210.0690.145−0.5190.693
FS62110.591.0147.19913.849
TAN6210.1990.2550.000.941
BIN6210.6640.1830.1670.923
INOW6210.6710.21950.000.990

Note(s): ETR is the ratio of the cash tax paid to the pre-tax income of the company. IR is integrated reporting. LEV is leverage estimated as total debt scaled by total asset. FA is firm age measured as the natural logarithm of difference between the year in which the firm was incorporated and the year under which the financial statement is considered. ROA is return on assets measured as earnings before interest and taxes deflated by total asset. TAN is asset tangibility measured as non-current asset scaled by total assets. BI is board independence. INOW is proportion of institutional ownership. FS is firm size measured as the logarithm of total assets

Source(s): Author’s computation

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