Fixed conditional odds for the UBC models
| M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor (fixed effect) | Product and process development | Commercialisation of academic invention | Access to student talent | Efficiency increase of business operations |
| University business collaboration | ||||
| UBC for education and training | 1.55∗∗∗ (1.21, 1.98) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.23) | 2.10∗∗∗ (1.75, 2.52) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) |
| UBC for research and development | 2.30∗∗∗ (1.95, 2.72) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.45) | 1.45∗∗ (1.10, 1.91) | 1.88∗∗∗ (1.50, 2.35) |
| UBC for entrepreneurship and innovation | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.22) | 1.40∗ (1.11, 1.77) |
| UBC on strategic and operational aspects | 0.75∗ (0.60, 0.94) | 1.25 (1.00, 1.56) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) |
| Motivation for collaboration with business | ||||
| Intrinsic motivations: research and institutional goals | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.62∗∗ (0.45, 0.86) | 1.20 (1.05, 1.38) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.25) |
| Extrinsic and personal motivations: personal and commercial goals | 1.90∗∗∗ (1.60, 2.25) | 2.15∗∗∗ (1.80, 2.57) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.28) |
| Partnering channels | ||||
| Formalised institutional channels | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | 1.30∗ (1.05, 1.61) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.13) | 1.10 (0.90, 1.34) |
| Informal and networking channels | 1.40∗∗ (1.15, 1.71) | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.22) | 1.50∗∗ (1.20, 1.87) |
| Institutional support | ||||
| Regional governmental support | 1.22 (0.99, 1.50) | 1.60∗ (1.20, 2.13) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) |
| Industry and commerce organisations support | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) | 1.18 (0.95, 1.46) | 1.35∗ (1.05, 1.74) |
| University-linked support | 1.50∗∗ (1.20, 1.87) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) |
| External consulting support | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) | 1.45∗∗ (1.15, 1.83) |
| Control variables | ||||
| Barriers of university business collaboration | ||||
| Resource and institutional barriers | 0.60∗∗∗ (0.48, 0.75) | 0.75∗∗ (0.60, 0.94) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.70∗∗∗ (0.55, 0.89) |
| Attitudinal and motivational barriers | 0.98 (0.80, 1.20) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.65∗∗∗ (0.50, 0.85) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) |
| Business-specific barriers | 1.30∗ (1.05, 1.61) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) |
| Business awareness and capacity barriers | 0.70∗∗ (0.55, 0.89) | 1.40∗ (1.05, 1.87) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) |
| Relationship-building barriers | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 1.20 (0.95, 1.51) |
| Demographic factors (Reference Categories are assumed for illustration) | ||||
| Discipline (Ref: Arts/Humanities) | ||||
| STEM | 1.45∗ (1.10, 1.91) | 1.90∗∗∗ (1.50, 2.40) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.22) |
| Professional | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) | 1.30 (0.95, 1.78) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | 1.40∗ (1.10, 1.78) |
| Faculty position (Ref: Lecturer) | ||||
| Senior lecturer | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) | 1.25 (1.00, 1.56) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) |
| Professor | 1.70∗∗∗ (1.40, 2.06) | 1.50∗∗ (1.15, 1.96) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) |
| Age group (Ref: Youngest) | ||||
| Middle age | 1.12 (0.90, 1.40) | 1.35 (0.99, 1.83) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) |
| Older age | 1.50∗ (1.15, 1.96) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.47) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.01) | 0.70 (0.55, 0.89) |
| M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor (fixed effect) | Product and process development | Commercialisation of academic invention | Access to student talent | Efficiency increase of business operations |
| UBC for education and training | 1.55∗∗∗ (1.21, 1.98) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.23) | 2.10∗∗∗ (1.75, 2.52) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) |
| UBC for research and development | 2.30∗∗∗ (1.95, 2.72) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.45) | 1.45∗∗ (1.10, 1.91) | 1.88∗∗∗ (1.50, 2.35) |
| UBC for entrepreneurship and innovation | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.22) | 1.40∗ (1.11, 1.77) |
| UBC on strategic and operational aspects | 0.75∗ (0.60, 0.94) | 1.25 (1.00, 1.56) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) |
| Intrinsic motivations: research and institutional goals | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.62∗∗ (0.45, 0.86) | 1.20 (1.05, 1.38) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.25) |
| Extrinsic and personal motivations: personal and commercial goals | 1.90∗∗∗ (1.60, 2.25) | 2.15∗∗∗ (1.80, 2.57) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.28) |
| Formalised institutional channels | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | 1.30∗ (1.05, 1.61) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.13) | 1.10 (0.90, 1.34) |
| Informal and networking channels | 1.40∗∗ (1.15, 1.71) | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.22) | 1.50∗∗ (1.20, 1.87) |
| Regional governmental support | 1.22 (0.99, 1.50) | 1.60∗ (1.20, 2.13) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) |
| Industry and commerce organisations support | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) | 1.18 (0.95, 1.46) | 1.35∗ (1.05, 1.74) |
| University-linked support | 1.50∗∗ (1.20, 1.87) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) |
| External consulting support | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) | 1.45∗∗ (1.15, 1.83) |
| Resource and institutional barriers | 0.60∗∗∗ (0.48, 0.75) | 0.75∗∗ (0.60, 0.94) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.70∗∗∗ (0.55, 0.89) |
| Attitudinal and motivational barriers | 0.98 (0.80, 1.20) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.65∗∗∗ (0.50, 0.85) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) |
| Business-specific barriers | 1.30∗ (1.05, 1.61) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) |
| Business awareness and capacity barriers | 0.70∗∗ (0.55, 0.89) | 1.40∗ (1.05, 1.87) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) |
| Relationship-building barriers | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 1.20 (0.95, 1.51) |
| Discipline (Ref: Arts/Humanities) | ||||
| STEM | 1.45∗ (1.10, 1.91) | 1.90∗∗∗ (1.50, 2.40) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.22) |
| Professional | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) | 1.30 (0.95, 1.78) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | 1.40∗ (1.10, 1.78) |
| Faculty position (Ref: Lecturer) | ||||
| Senior lecturer | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) | 1.25 (1.00, 1.56) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) |
| Professor | 1.70∗∗∗ (1.40, 2.06) | 1.50∗∗ (1.15, 1.96) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) |
| Age group (Ref: Youngest) | ||||
| Middle age | 1.12 (0.90, 1.40) | 1.35 (0.99, 1.83) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) |
| Older age | 1.50∗ (1.15, 1.96) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.47) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.01) | 0.70 (0.55, 0.89) |
Note(s): This table presents the fixed effects for the four UBC models. Results are shown as the conditional odds ratio, with the 95% confidence interval in parentheses and significance superscripts. All models control for the random effect of the Uni_Age_Cluster_Type
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