Table 5 Estimated type III SS effects...

Table 5

Estimated type III SS effects mixed model

	M1	M2	M3	M4
	Product and process development	Commercialisation of academic invention	Access to student talent	Efficiency increase of business operations
University business collaboration
UBC for education and training	11.35 (0.0008)**	7.27 (0.0071)**	57.64 (<0.0001)***	0.96 (0.3278)
UBC for research and development	280.60 (<0.0001)***	150.72 (<0.0001)***	17.33 (<0.0001)***	140.79 (<0.0001)***
UBC on strategic and operational aspects	4.76 (0.0291)*	1.15 (0.2844)	15.03 (0.0001)***	2.97 (0.0851)
UBC for entrepreneurship and innovation	1.53 (0.2168)	5.27 (0.0218)*	2.97 (0.0850)	2.27 (0.1316)
Motivation for collaboration with business
Intrinsic motivations: research and institutional goals	2.73 (0.0988)	0.06 (0.8127)	0.24 (0.6238)	1.22 (0.2688)
Extrinsic and personal motivations: personal and commercial goals	0.39 (0.5333)	0.51 (0.4738)	14.75 (0.0001)***	1.25 (0.2634)
Partnering channels
Formalised institutional channels	0.03 (0.8666)	1.15 (0.2841)	0.78 (0.3766)	1.79 (0.1809)
Informal and networking channels	0.00 (0.9874)	1.42 (0.2328)	8.24 (0.0041)**	6.11 (0.0135)*
Institutional support
Regional governmental support	40.35 (<0.0001)***	10.73 (0.0011)**	50.17 (<0.0001)***	40.79 (<0.0001)***
Industry and commerce organisations support	2.06 (0.1514)	1.62 (0.2028)	28.47 (<0.0001)***	22.52 (<0.0001)***
University-linked support	149.43 (<0.0001)***	20.96 (<0.0001)***	115.59 (<0.0001)***	59.70 (<0.0001)***
External consulting support	22.59 (<0.0001)***	2.97 (0.0848)	28.55 (<0.0001)***	114.90 (<0.0001)***
Control variables
Barriers of university business collaboration
Resource and institutional barriers	12.65 (0.0004)***	6.39 (0.0115)*	1.84 (0.1755)	2.00 (0.1572)
Attitudinal and motivational barriers	1.30 (0.2551)	1.57 (0.2100)	2.02 (0.1551)	0.82 (0.3649)
Business-specific barriers	3.40 (0.0651)	1.58 (0.2092)	1.03 (0.3106)	1.08 (0.2981)
Business awareness and capacity barriers	0.85 (0.3565)	1.44 (0.2310)	2.07 (0.1506)	0.34 (0.5580)
Relationship-building barriers	2.60 (0.1069)	3.78 (0.0519)	1.08 (0.2997)	0.69 (0.4073)
Demographic factors
Discipline	13.15 (<0.0001)***	7.72 (<0.0001)***	4.70 (0.0009)***	1.48 (0.2050)
Academic's position	0.56 (0.4538)	0.03 (0.8727)	0.20 (0.6520)	0.04 (0.8418)
Age group of academic	1.01 (0.3638)	5.52 (0.0041)**	0.94 (0.3918)	1.23 (0.2915)

	M1	M2	M3	M4
	Product and process development	Commercialisation of academic invention	Access to student talent	Efficiency increase of business operations
University business collaboration
UBC for education and training	11.35 (0.0008)**	7.27 (0.0071)**	57.64 (<0.0001)***	0.96 (0.3278)
UBC for research and development	280.60 (<0.0001)***	150.72 (<0.0001)***	17.33 (<0.0001)***	140.79 (<0.0001)***
UBC on strategic and operational aspects	4.76 (0.0291)*	1.15 (0.2844)	15.03 (0.0001)***	2.97 (0.0851)
UBC for entrepreneurship and innovation	1.53 (0.2168)	5.27 (0.0218)*	2.97 (0.0850)	2.27 (0.1316)
Motivation for collaboration with business
Intrinsic motivations: research and institutional goals	2.73 (0.0988)	0.06 (0.8127)	0.24 (0.6238)	1.22 (0.2688)
Extrinsic and personal motivations: personal and commercial goals	0.39 (0.5333)	0.51 (0.4738)	14.75 (0.0001)***	1.25 (0.2634)
Partnering channels
Formalised institutional channels	0.03 (0.8666)	1.15 (0.2841)	0.78 (0.3766)	1.79 (0.1809)
Informal and networking channels	0.00 (0.9874)	1.42 (0.2328)	8.24 (0.0041)**	6.11 (0.0135)*
Institutional support
Regional governmental support	40.35 (<0.0001)***	10.73 (0.0011)**	50.17 (<0.0001)***	40.79 (<0.0001)***
Industry and commerce organisations support	2.06 (0.1514)	1.62 (0.2028)	28.47 (<0.0001)***	22.52 (<0.0001)***
University-linked support	149.43 (<0.0001)***	20.96 (<0.0001)***	115.59 (<0.0001)***	59.70 (<0.0001)***
External consulting support	22.59 (<0.0001)***	2.97 (0.0848)	28.55 (<0.0001)***	114.90 (<0.0001)***
Control variables
Barriers of university business collaboration
Resource and institutional barriers	12.65 (0.0004)***	6.39 (0.0115)*	1.84 (0.1755)	2.00 (0.1572)
Attitudinal and motivational barriers	1.30 (0.2551)	1.57 (0.2100)	2.02 (0.1551)	0.82 (0.3649)
Business-specific barriers	3.40 (0.0651)	1.58 (0.2092)	1.03 (0.3106)	1.08 (0.2981)
Business awareness and capacity barriers	0.85 (0.3565)	1.44 (0.2310)	2.07 (0.1506)	0.34 (0.5580)
Relationship-building barriers	2.60 (0.1069)	3.78 (0.0519)	1.08 (0.2997)	0.69 (0.4073)
Demographic factors
Discipline	13.15 (<0.0001)***	7.72 (<0.0001)***	4.70 (0.0009)***	1.48 (0.2050)
Academic's position	0.56 (0.4538)	0.03 (0.8727)	0.20 (0.6520)	0.04 (0.8418)
Age group of academic	1.01 (0.3638)	5.52 (0.0041)**	0.94 (0.3918)	1.23 (0.2915)

Note(s): This table presents the fixed effects for the four UBC models. Results are shown as the type III effects F-value, with the p-value in parentheses, and significance superscripts. All models control for the random effect of the Uni_Age_Cluster_Type

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