Table 1

Systemic vs fragmented investment decision-making: case comparisons

CaseApproachKey featuresOutcomeLessons learned
AstraZeneca (5R)SystemicCross-functional evaluation across five pillarsImproved R&D productivity; successful launchesSystemic evaluation improves success rates
Eli LillySemi-SystemicStrategic alignment with organizational strengthsStrong launches; Alzheimer's failures persistAlignment enhances resilience but risks concentration
Pfizer (Torcetrapib)FragmentedOverreliance on market projections; weak integration of safety dataCatastrophic failure; $800 m lossLack of systemic scrutiny led to failure
Alzheimer's DiseaseFragmented (Industry-wide)Weak biological understanding; aggressive advancement>200 failed trials; billions lostHigh-risk domains require systemic integration

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