Sample structure and tests for sample selection bias
| Industrial classification | |||||
| Panel A | |||||
| A: agriculture, forestry, fishing | 0 | (0.0%) | F: wholesale trade | 10 | (8.9%) |
| B: mining | 0 | (0.0%) | G: retail trade | 6 | (5.4%) |
| C: construction | 3 | (2.7%) | H: real estate | 1 | (0.9%) |
| D: manufacturing | 52 | (46.4%) | I: services | 18 | (16.1%) |
| E: transportation, public utilities | 22 | (19.6%) | J: public administration | 0 | (0.0%) |
| A: agriculture, forestry, fishing | 0 | (0.0%) | F: wholesale trade | 10 | (8.9%) |
| B: mining | 0 | (0.0%) | G: retail trade | 6 | (5.4%) |
| C: construction | 3 | (2.7%) | H: real estate | 1 | (0.9%) |
| D: manufacturing | 52 | (46.4%) | I: services | 18 | (16.1%) |
| E: transportation, public utilities | 22 | (19.6%) | J: public administration | 0 | (0.0%) |
| Structure of respondents | |||
| Panel B | |||
| Survey 1 | Survey 2 | ||
| CEO or other top management member | 21 (18.8%) | Top management member | 29 (25.9%) |
| CFO | 25 (22.3%) | Head of environmental or | |
| Head of accounting | 6 (5.4%) | Sustainability management | 61 (54.5%) |
| Head of controlling | 44 (39.3%) | COO | 1 (0.9%) |
| Other | 16 (14.2%) | Other | 21 (18.7%) |
| Job tenure in years, mean (median) | 9.3 (7.0) | Job tenure in years, mean (median) | 10.7 (10.0) |
| Company tenure in years, mean (median) | 13.3 (12.0) | Company tenure in years, mean (median) | 15.7 (14.0) |
| Survey 1 | Survey 2 | ||
| 21 (18.8%) | Top management member | 29 (25.9%) | |
| 25 (22.3%) | Head of environmental or | ||
| Head of accounting | 6 (5.4%) | Sustainability management | 61 (54.5%) |
| Head of controlling | 44 (39.3%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| Other | 16 (14.2%) | Other | 21 (18.7%) |
| Job tenure in years, mean (median) | 9.3 (7.0) | Job tenure in years, mean (median) | 10.7 (10.0) |
| Company tenure in years, mean (median) | 13.3 (12.0) | Company tenure in years, mean (median) | 15.7 (14.0) |
| Nonresponse bias | |||
| Panel C | |||
| Response | Nonresponse | Mann–Whitney U test | |
| Number of employees (in thousands) | 17.63 (n = 108) | 4,50 (n = 2,016) | Z = −3.33, p = 0.001 |
| Return on assets (in %) | 7.64 (n = 108) | 6.73 (n = 2,009) | Z = −0.86, p = 0.393 |
| Growth in net sales (in %) | 2.58 (n = 105) | 1.69 (n = 1,943) | Z = −1.11, p = 0.267 |
| Early vs. late response | |||
| Panel D | |||
| Early response | Late response | Mann–Whitney U test | |
| EP | 0.06 (n = 66) | −0.09 (n = 46) | Z = −0.84, p = 0.401 |
| FP | −0.06 (n = 66) | 0.09 (n = 46) | Z = −1.06, p = 0.289 |
| EMCS | 0.04 (n = 66) | −0.06 (n = 46) | Z = −0.56, p = 0.578 |
| Technical integration | −0.06 (n = 66) | 0.08 (n = 46) | Z = −0.82, p = 0.413 |
| Management integration | 0.07 (n = 66) | −0.10 (n = 46) | Z = −0.67, p = 0.500 |
| Response | Nonresponse | Mann–Whitney U test | |
| Number of employees (in thousands) | 17.63 ( | 4,50 ( | |
| Return on assets (in %) | 7.64 ( | 6.73 ( | |
| Growth in net sales (in %) | 2.58 ( | 1.69 ( | |
| Early response | Late response | Mann–Whitney U test | |
| 0.06 ( | −0.09 ( | ||
| −0.06 ( | 0.09 ( | ||
| 0.04 ( | −0.06 ( | ||
| Technical integration | −0.06 ( | 0.08 ( | |
| Management integration | 0.07 ( | −0.10 ( | |
Panel D depicts the latent variable scores of our main variables. CEO = chief executive officer; CFO = chief financial officer; COO = chief operations officer; EI = eco-innovation; EMCS = environmental management control system; EP = environmental performance; FP = financial performance
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.