Table 4. Bootstrapping results Examined...

Table 4.

Bootstrapping results

Examined effects	Model 1	Model 2
Panel A: Main associations and moderation analysis
Direct effects
H1:EMCS → EP	0.175**	0.136*
H2:EMCS → FP	0.070	0.054
Moderation effects
H3a: Technical integration × EMCS → EP		−0.154
H3b: Technical integration × EMCS → FP		0.299**
H4a: Management integration × EMCS → EP		0.200**
H4b: Management integration × EMCS → FP		−0.132
Confounding effects
Organizational size (ln) → EP	−0.017	−0.034
Organizational maturity → EP	−0.089	−0.111
Industry → EP	−0.109	0.003
EMS → EP	0.131	0.140
Environmental report → EP	0.251**	0.254**
Organizational size (ln) → FP	−0.097	−0.042
Organizational maturity → FP	0.237**	0.220*
Industry → FP	−0.262	−0.253
EMS → FP	−0.065	−0.057
Environmental report → FP	0.050	0.070

Examined effects	Model 1	Model 2
Panel A: Main associations and moderation analysis
Direct effects
H1:EMCS → EP	0.175**	0.136*
H2:EMCS → FP	0.070	0.054
Moderation effects
H3a: Technical integration × EMCS → EP		−0.154
H3b: Technical integration × EMCS → FP		0.299**
H4a: Management integration × EMCS → EP		0.200**
H4b: Management integration × EMCS → FP		−0.132
Confounding effects
Organizational size (ln) → EP	−0.017	−0.034
Organizational maturity → EP	−0.089	−0.111
Industry → EP	−0.109	0.003
EMS → EP	0.131	0.140
Environmental report → EP	0.251**	0.254**
Organizational size (ln) → FP	−0.097	−0.042
Organizational maturity → FP	0.237**	0.220*
Industry → FP	−0.262	−0.253
EMS → FP	−0.065	−0.057
Environmental report → FP	0.050	0.070

Panel B: Conditional effects (technical integration × EMCS → FP)
Value of technical integration (moderator)	Path coefficients	Bootstrap 90% confidence interval for path coefficients
Mean – 3 SD	−0.843	−1.561	−0.033
Mean – 2 SD	−0.544	−1.038	0.009
Mean – 1 SD	−0.245	−0.534	0.064
Mean	0.054	−0.130	0.225
Mean + 1 SD	0.353	0.021	0.652
Mean + 2 SD	0.652	0.071	1.162
Mean + 3 SD	0.951	0.111	1.691
Panel C: Effect sizes (f²)
Endogenous constructs	Technical integration	Management integration	Both
EP	0.000	0.013	0.028
FP	0.051	0.007	0.063

Note(s):

Sample size n = 112. *, ** and *** indicate significance at the 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively, with one-tailed referring to the hypothesized relationships with a direction (H1, H3, H4) and two-tailed referring to the undirected hypothesis (H2), confounding variables, and the conditional effect. In Panel B, the significant conditional effects are presented in italics. EMCS = environmental management control system; EMS = environmental management system; EP = environmental performance; FP = financial performance; SD = standard deviation

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Panel B: Conditional effects (technical integration × EMCS → FP)
Value of technical integration (moderator)	Path coefficients	Bootstrap 90% confidence interval for path coefficients
Mean – 3 SD	−0.843	−1.561	−0.033
Mean – 2 SD	−0.544	−1.038	0.009
Mean – 1 SD	−0.245	−0.534	0.064
Mean	0.054	−0.130	0.225
Mean + 1 SD	0.353	0.021	0.652
Mean + 2 SD	0.652	0.071	1.162
Mean + 3 SD	0.951	0.111	1.691
Panel C: Effect sizes (f²)
Endogenous constructs	Technical integration	Management integration	Both
EP	0.000	0.013	0.028
FP	0.051	0.007	0.063

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