Variable measurement
| Variable | Abbreviation | Measurement criterion | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | |||
| SDG disclosure breadth (SDG_TOTAL) | SDGit | Total number of distinct SDGs disclosed by firm i at time t (1–17) | Annual report |
| Independent variable | |||
| Sustainability committee | SCit | A dummy variable scored 1 if the firm has a sustainability/CSR committee; 0 otherwise | Annual report |
| CEO tenure | CEO_TENUREit | The total number of years a person serves as a CEO | Annual report |
| CEO Age | CEO_AGEit | in a firm | Annual Report |
| CEO shareholdings | CEO_SHAREit | Natural logarithm of a CEO age in years | Annual Report |
| The total number of shares owned by a CEO divided by the firm’s total number of outstanding shares | |||
| CEO duality | CEO_DUALit | CEO duality is measured using a dummy variable equal to 1 if the CEO is also the chairman of board and 0 otherwise | Annual Report |
| Moderator variable | |||
| Female director | FDit | Proportion of female directors on the board | Annual report |
| Control variable | |||
| Board size | BOARDit | Total number of board members | Capital IQ |
| Firm size | LNTAit | Natural logarithm of firm’s total assets | Capital IQ |
| Debt (leverage) | LNDEBTit | Natural logarithm total debt of firm i at time t | Capital IQ |
| Market capitalization | LNMCAPit | Natural logarithm of market capitalization of firm | Capital IQ |
| i at time t | |||
| Return of Equity | ROEit | Ratio of total net income before tax to the total of equity of firm i at time t | Capital IQ |
| Return on asset | ROAit | The ratio of total net income to the total assets of firm i at time t | Capital IQ |
| Variable | Abbreviation | Measurement criterion | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of distinct SDGs disclosed by firm i at time t (1–17) | |||
| Sustainability committee | A dummy variable scored 1 if the firm has a sustainability/ | ||
| CEO_TENURE | The total number of years a person serves as a | ||
| CEO_AGE | in a firm | ||
| CEO_SHARE | Natural logarithm of a | ||
| The total number of shares owned by a | |||
| CEO_DUAL | |||
| Female director | Proportion of female directors on the board | ||
| Board size | Total number of board members | ||
| Firm size | Natural logarithm of firm’s total assets | ||
| Debt (leverage) | Natural logarithm total debt of firm | ||
| Market capitalization | Natural logarithm of market capitalization of firm | ||
| Return of Equity | Ratio of total net income before tax to the total of equity of firm | ||
| Return on asset | The ratio of total net income to the total assets of firm | ||
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