Table 2. Descriptive statistics...

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics

Variables	Obs.	Mean	SD	Min.	Max.
CSRD	1,108	13.31	5.09	2.00	26.00
FC	1,108	0.52	0.50	0	1
PC	1,108	0.25	0.43	0	0.67
AUDIT	1,108	3.54	0.94	2	5.00
AUDIT_COM	1,108	0.93	0.26	0	1
FSIZE	1,108	9.52	0.64	6.63	11.21
ROA	1,108	0.05	0.06	−0.04	0.18
CAPIN	1,108	0.42	0.24	0.05	0.92
LEV	1,108	0.45	0.23	0.09	0.96
KZ	1,107	1.15	7.91	−18.21	19.59
CASHH	1,108	0.07	0.10	0.00	0.36
AGE	1,108	3.29	0.47	2.40	4.06
BOARD	1,108	7.44	1.95	5.00	11.00
INDBM	1,108	1.84	0.61	1	3
FBM	1,108	1.19	1.04	0	3
INDACM	1,108	1.22	0.60	0	3
FMAC	1,108	0.35	0.63	0	3
AEXAC	1,108	0.37	0.59	0	2
INSTO	1,108	18.48	15.40	0.00	96.00

Variables	Obs.	Mean	SD	Min.	Max.
CSRD	1,108	13.31	5.09	2.00	26.00
FC	1,108	0.52	0.50	0	1
PC	1,108	0.25	0.43	0	0.67
AUDIT	1,108	3.54	0.94	2	5.00
AUDIT_COM	1,108	0.93	0.26	0	1
FSIZE	1,108	9.52	0.64	6.63	11.21
ROA	1,108	0.05	0.06	−0.04	0.18
CAPIN	1,108	0.42	0.24	0.05	0.92
LEV	1,108	0.45	0.23	0.09	0.96
KZ	1,107	1.15	7.91	−18.21	19.59
CASHH	1,108	0.07	0.10	0.00	0.36
AGE	1,108	3.29	0.47	2.40	4.06
BOARD	1,108	7.44	1.95	5.00	11.00
INDBM	1,108	1.84	0.61	1	3
FBM	1,108	1.19	1.04	0	3
INDACM	1,108	1.22	0.60	0	3
FMAC	1,108	0.35	0.63	0	3
AEXAC	1,108	0.37	0.59	0	2
INSTO	1,108	18.48	15.40	0.00	96.00

Note(s):

This table shows descriptive statistics for the variables used in this study. Our sample consists of 1,108 firm-year observations during the 2013–2023 period. Detailed definitions of variables are provided in Appendix 1 Table A1

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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