Table 3

Baseline regression results: nature dependence and cost of capital

Variables(1) WACC(2) COE(3) COD
Nature_Dep0.001*0.003***0.001**
(1.702)(3.978)(2.576)
Size<−0.001**0.002***<0.001
(−2.192)(10.235)(1.518)
ROA−0.016***−0.024***−0.015***
(−6.940)(−8.613)(−15.619)
Lev−0.038***0.013***0.024***
(−29.548)(8.183)(43.760)
Capex0.032***−0.0020.003*
(6.414)(−0.374)(1.720)
Salesgrowth0.003***0.002***<0.001
(7.679)(4.186)(1.368)
Tangibility−0.008***−0.008***<0.001
(−6.479)(−5.142)(0.854)
Tobinsq0.001***<0.001***−0.000***
(5.682)(3.119)(−6.707)
GDP−0.047***−0.065***0.004***
(−17.860)(−19.762)(3.444)
Constant0.555***0.729***−0.018*
(20.828)(21.672)(−1.776)
Observations57,14457,14457,144
R-squared0.3720.3230.532
Industry FEYesYesYes
Country FEYesYesYes
Year FEYesYesYes

Note(s): This table presents the fixed-effects regression results of Equation (1). Dependent variables are Weighted average cost of capital (WACC), Cost of Equity (COE) and Cost of Debt (COD), reported in columns (1)–(3), correspondingly. Nature_dep captures firm-level exposure to nature dependence. All specifications include industry, country, and year fixed effects. Standard errors, reported in parentheses, are heteroskedasticity-robust and clustered at the firm level. *, **, and *** denote statistical significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively

Source(s): Authors' calculations

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