Table 3 Classification table for...

Table 3

Classification table for quantitative and mixed papers

Reference	Study type	Objectives of study	Technology used	Sustainability benefits	Integration focus	Integration barriers	Mathematical model	Limitation Of study
1. Bajec and Tuljak-Suban (2024)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Not explicitly specify	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Narrow scope & last-mile focus
1. Bajec and Tuljak-Suban (2024)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Not explicitly specify	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Narrow scope & last-mile focus
2. Bakioglu (2025a)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Environmental benefits focus	Technological integration	All types of barriers	Fuzzy MCDM model	Developed nation focus
2. Bakioglu (2025a)	Conceptual	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Environmental benefits focus	Technological integration	All types of barriers	Fuzzy MCDM model	Developed nation focus
3. Bakioglu (2025b)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefit focus	Multimodal integration	Infrastructure limitation and stakeholder coordination	Fuzzy MCDM model	Developed nation focus
3. Bakioglu (2025b)	Conceptual	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefit focus	Multimodal integration	Infrastructure limitation and stakeholder coordination	Fuzzy MCDM model	Developed nation focus
4. Batarlienė and Bazaras (2023)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology	Environmental benefits focus	Urban first and last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Not explicitly specify	Developed nation focus
4. Batarlienė and Bazaras (2023)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology	Environmental benefits focus	Urban first and last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Not explicitly specify	Developed nation focus
5. Binetti et al. (2019)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
5. Binetti et al. (2019)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
6. Bortolini et al. (2022)	Mixed	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line	Urban last-mile	All types of barriers	Not explicitly specify	Developed nation focus
6. Bortolini et al. (2022)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line	Urban last-mile	All types of barriers	Not explicitly specify	Developed nation focus
7. Cebeci et al. (2023)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile	Trust and liability	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
7. Cebeci et al. (2023)	Conceptual	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile	Trust and liability	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
8. Chen et al. (2019)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Algorithmic optimization & social networks	Triple bottom line	Technological integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
8. Chen et al. (2019)	Conceptual	Urban last-mile solution	Algorithmic optimization & social networks	Triple bottom line	Technological integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
9. Cheng et al. (2022)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Technological integration	Not explicitly specify	Deterministic model	Developed nation and last mile
9. Cheng et al. (2022)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Technological integration	Not explicitly specify	Deterministic model	Developed nation and last mile
10. Cheng et al. (2024)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Algorithmic optimization & social networks	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Developed nation and last mile
10. Cheng et al. (2024)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Algorithmic optimization & social networks	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Developed nation and last mile
11. Crainic et al. (2009)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Theoretical focus and developed
11. Crainic et al. (2009)	Conceptual	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Theoretical focus and developed
12. Cramer and Fikar (2025)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
12. Cramer and Fikar (2025)	Conceptual	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
13. Devari et al. (2017)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and social networks	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Developed nation focus
13. Devari et al. (2017)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and social networks	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Developed nation focus
14. Gatta et al. (2019)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Narrow scope & last-mile focus
14. Gatta et al. (2019)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Narrow scope & last-mile focus
15. Gdowska et al. (2018)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation and Stakeholder coordination	Stochastic model	Developed nation and last mile
15. Gdowska et al. (2018)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation and Stakeholder coordination	Stochastic model	Developed nation and last mile
16. Karakikes and Nathanail (2022)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Multimodal integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
16. Karakikes and Nathanail (2022)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Multimodal integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
17. Kourounioti et al. (2021)	mixed	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mixed-method technology	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	All aspects of barriers	Stochastic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus
17. Kourounioti et al. (2021)	Conceptual based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mixed-method technology	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	All aspects of barriers	Stochastic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus
18. Le et al. (2019)	Mixed	Business model development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
18. Le et al. (2019)	Systematic review	Business model development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
19. Lin et al. (2020)	Mixed	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last mile focus)
19. Lin et al. (2020)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last mile focus)
20. Maleki et al. (2025)	Mixed Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Trust and liability	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last mile focus)
20. Maleki et al. (2025)	Study	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Trust and liability	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last mile focus)
21. Marinov et al. (2013)	Mixed	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limit and stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Narrow scope (last-mile)
21. Marinov et al. (2013)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limit and stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Narrow scope (last-mile)
22. Masson et al. (2017)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social network	Triple bottom line benefits	Multimodal integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Theoretical & developed nation focus
22. Masson et al. (2017)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social network	Triple bottom line benefits	Multimodal integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Theoretical & developed nation focus
23. Melo and Baptista (2017)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	All types of barriers	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last-mile focus)
23. Melo and Baptista (2017)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	All types of barriers	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last-mile focus)
24. Mohri et al. (2025)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Stochastic models	Developed nation focus
24. Mohri et al. (2025)	Conceptual	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Stochastic models	Developed nation focus
25. Naganawa et al. (2025)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Environmental benefits	Freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Deterministic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus
25. Naganawa et al. (2025)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Environmental benefits	Freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Deterministic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus
26. Sárdi (2022)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder C	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
26. Sárdi (2022)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder C	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
27. Seng et al. (2023)	Quantitative	Technology and algorithm development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Social benefits	Digital platform synergy	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
27. Seng et al. (2023)	Conceptual	Technology and algorithm development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Social benefits	Digital platform synergy	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
28. Serafini et al. (2018)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and digital platforms	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Stochastic models	Developed nation and last mile
28. Serafini et al. (2018)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and digital platforms	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Stochastic models	Developed nation and last mile
29. Wicakso et al. (2022)	Quantitative	Business model development	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Triple bottom line benefits	Digital platform synergy	All types of barriers	Stochastic models	Developed Nation focus
29. Wicakso et al. (2022)	Conceptual	Business model development	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Triple bottom line benefits	Digital platform synergy	All types of barriers	Stochastic models	Developed Nation focus
30. Yang et al. (2023)	Mixed	Business model development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Technological Integration	Trust and liability	Deterministic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus
30. Yang et al. (2023)	Conceptual	Business model development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Technological Integration	Trust and liability	Deterministic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus

Reference	Study type	Objectives of study	Technology used	Sustainability benefits	Integration focus	Integration barriers	Mathematical model	LimitationOf study
1. Bajec and Tuljak-Suban (2024)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Not explicitly specify	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Narrow scope & last-mile focus
1. Bajec and Tuljak-Suban (2024)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Not explicitly specify	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Narrow scope & last-mile focus
2. Bakioglu (2025a)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Environmental benefits focus	Technological integration	All types of barriers	Fuzzy MCDM model	Developed nation focus
2. Bakioglu (2025a)	Conceptual	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Environmental benefits focus	Technological integration	All types of barriers	Fuzzy MCDM model	Developed nation focus
3. Bakioglu (2025b)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefit focus	Multimodal integration	Infrastructure limitation and stakeholder coordination	Fuzzy MCDM model	Developed nation focus
3. Bakioglu (2025b)	Conceptual	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefit focus	Multimodal integration	Infrastructure limitation and stakeholder coordination	Fuzzy MCDM model	Developed nation focus
4. Batarlienė and Bazaras (2023)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology	Environmental benefits focus	Urban first and last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Not explicitly specify	Developed nation focus
4. Batarlienė and Bazaras (2023)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology	Environmental benefits focus	Urban first and last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Not explicitly specify	Developed nation focus
5. Binetti et al. (2019)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
5. Binetti et al. (2019)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
6. Bortolini et al. (2022)	Mixed	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line	Urban last-mile	All types of barriers	Not explicitly specify	Developed nation focus
6. Bortolini et al. (2022)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line	Urban last-mile	All types of barriers	Not explicitly specify	Developed nation focus
7. Cebeci et al. (2023)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile	Trust and liability	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
7. Cebeci et al. (2023)	Conceptual	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile	Trust and liability	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
8. Chen et al. (2019)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Algorithmic optimization & socialnetworks	Triple bottom line	Technological integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
8. Chen et al. (2019)	Conceptual	Urban last-mile solution	Algorithmic optimization & socialnetworks	Triple bottom line	Technological integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
9. Cheng et al. (2022)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Technological integration	Not explicitly specify	Deterministic model	Developed nation and last mile
9. Cheng et al. (2022)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Technological integration	Not explicitly specify	Deterministic model	Developed nation and last mile
10. Cheng et al. (2024)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Algorithmic optimization & social networks	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Developed nation and last mile
10. Cheng et al. (2024)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Algorithmic optimization & social networks	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Developed nation and last mile
11. Crainic et al. (2009)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Theoretical focus and developed
11. Crainic et al. (2009)	Conceptual	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Theoretical focus and developed
12. Cramer and Fikar (2025)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
12. Cramer and Fikar (2025)	Conceptual	Sustainability and freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
13. Devari et al. (2017)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and social networks	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Developed nation focus
13. Devari et al. (2017)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and social networks	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Developed nation focus
14. Gatta et al. (2019)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Narrow scope & last-mile focus
14. Gatta et al. (2019)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Narrow scope & last-mile focus
15. Gdowska et al. (2018)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation and Stakeholder coordination	Stochastic model	Developed nation and last mile
15. Gdowska et al. (2018)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation and Stakeholder coordination	Stochastic model	Developed nation and last mile
16. Karakikes and Nathanail (2022)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Multimodal integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
16. Karakikes and Nathanail (2022)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Multimodal integration	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
17. Kourounioti et al. (2021)	mixed	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mixed-method technology	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	All aspects of barriers	Stochastic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus
17. Kourounioti et al. (2021)	Conceptual based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mixed-method technology	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	All aspects of barriers	Stochastic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus
18. Le et al. (2019)	Mixed	Business model development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
18. Le et al. (2019)	Systematic review	Business model development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	All types of barriers	Stochastic model	Theoretical and narrow scope focus
19. Lin et al. (2020)	Mixed	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last mile focus)
19. Lin et al. (2020)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last mile focus)
20. Maleki et al. (2025)	Mixed Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Trust and liability	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last mile focus)
20. Maleki et al. (2025)	Study	Urban last-mile solution	Mixed technology used	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Trust and liability	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last mile focus)
21. Marinov et al. (2013)	Mixed	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limit and stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Narrow scope (last-mile)
21. Marinov et al. (2013)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Environmental benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limit and stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Narrow scope (last-mile)
22. Masson et al. (2017)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social network	Triple bottom line benefits	Multimodal integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Theoretical & developed nation focus
22. Masson et al. (2017)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social network	Triple bottom line benefits	Multimodal integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder coordination	Deterministic model	Theoretical & developed nation focus
23. Melo and Baptista (2017)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	All types of barriers	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last-mile focus)
23. Melo and Baptista (2017)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Freight optimization	All types of barriers	Not explicitly specify	Narrow scope (last-mile focus)
24. Mohri et al. (2025)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Stochastic models	Developed nation focus
24. Mohri et al. (2025)	Conceptual	Urban last-mile solution	Not explicitly specify	Economic benefits focus	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Stochastic models	Developed nation focus
25. Naganawa et al. (2025)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Environmental benefits	Freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Deterministic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus
25. Naganawa et al. (2025)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Environmental benefits	Freight optimization	Not explicitly specify	Deterministic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus
26. Sárdi (2022)	Quantitative	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder C	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
26. Sárdi (2022)	Case based	Sustainability and freight optimization	Mixed technology used	Triple bottom line benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Infrastructure limitation & stakeholder C	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
27. Seng et al. (2023)	Quantitative	Technology and algorithm development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Social benefits	Digital platform synergy	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
27. Seng et al. (2023)	Conceptual	Technology and algorithm development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Social benefits	Digital platform synergy	All types of barriers	Deterministic model	Developed nation focus
28. Serafini et al. (2018)	Quantitative	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and digital platforms	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Stochastic models	Developed nation and last mile
28. Serafini et al. (2018)	Case based	Urban last-mile solution	Mobile app and digital platforms	Environmental benefits	Urban last-mile integration	Not explicitly specify	Stochastic models	Developed nation and last mile
29. Wicakso et al. (2022)	Quantitative	Business model development	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Triple bottom line benefits	Digital platform synergy	All types of barriers	Stochastic models	Developed Nation focus
29. Wicakso et al. (2022)	Conceptual	Business model development	Algorithmic optimization and social networks	Triple bottom line benefits	Digital platform synergy	All types of barriers	Stochastic models	Developed Nation focus
30. Yang et al. (2023)	Mixed	Business model development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Technological Integration	Trust and liability	Deterministic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus
30. Yang et al. (2023)	Conceptual	Business model development	Mobile app and digital platforms	Triple bottom line benefits	Technological Integration	Trust and liability	Deterministic models	Theoretical & developed nation focus

Source(s): Authors’ elaboration

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